II] BITING-FLIES AS CARRIERS OF DISEASE 25 



of the expanded ptilinum. In consequence a frontal lunula 

 is generally present. The larva is without a distinct head 

 (maggot-like) and the pupa is coarctate. The antenna is 

 composed of three segments, the terminal one of which bears 

 an arista, usually dorsal in position. The maxillary palps are 

 each composed of a single segment, the maxillae are rudimentary 

 and the mandibles absent. The third longitudinal vein is not 

 forked and there are not more than three complete posterior 

 cells. The number of abdominal segments never exceeds 

 seven and is usually less. 



Series 5. Pupipara. Abnormal Diptera of parasitic habit 

 in which the wings are often rudimentary or absent. The 

 head fits into a hollow of the thorax and the abdomen is not 

 distinctly segmented. The larva, until it is mature, develops 

 within the body of the female and when deposited at once 

 pupates. 



This group consists of an assembly of diverse forms, pro- 

 bably of varied affinities but all agreeing in their habit of 

 depositing fully-grown larvae. The best-known family is the 

 Hippoboscidae, including Hippohosca, and Melophagus, the 



sheep-ked. 



REFERENCES. 



Alcock, A. (1911). Entomology for Medical Officers. London: Gurney 



and Jackson. 

 Brauer, F. (1880). Denk. Kais. Akad. Wissensch. Math.-Naturwissensch. 



Klasse, vol. 42, p. 105. 

 Sharp, D. (1899). Insects, Part 11 in the Cambridge Natural History, 



London : Macmillan and Co. 

 WiUiston, S. W. (1908). Manual of North American Diptera. New 



Haven, U.S.A. : G. T. Hathaway. 



CHAPTER III 



BITING-FLIES AS CARRIERS OF DISEASE 



The term " Biting-Flies " has been selected in order to 

 include all those members of the Order of Diptera that either 

 habituahy, or occasionally, feed by sucking the blood of verte- 

 brates. As a result of their feeding habits they are mainly 



