INTRODUCTION. 



In order to show the total meat or marketable 

 product of all fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic 

 animals, it has been found desirable to reduce all to 

 the common unit of a pound, although, in the trade, 

 certain products are usually handled on the basis of 

 bushels, barrels, or gallons. Where these species are 

 treated separately the common trade unit of measure- 

 ment for the species or product is used. In the gen- 

 eral tables the quantities shown for the shell-bearing 

 mollusks are based on the amount of meat contained, 

 the figures used for estimating the meat contents being 

 as follows: Hard clams and surf clams or skimmers, 

 8 pounds of meat per bushel, soft and razor clams, 

 cockles, winkles, and mussels, 10 pounds of meat per 

 bushel; oysters, 7 pounds of meat per bushel; and 

 scallops, 6 pounds of meat per bushel. 



The statistics of establishments engaged in canning 

 and preserving fish and in the manufacture of various 

 by-products have been classified by districts and 

 states, by principal species used, and by method of 

 treatment, whether boned, canned, salted, smoked, 

 dried, or frozen. On account of the great value of the 

 output of the canneries and salteries of Alaska, the 

 statistics of that territory as reported by the Bureau 

 of Fisheries have been included in some of the tables 

 in the chapter on canning and preserving. 



Common names. — The confusion in connection with 

 the common names of fishes has naturally caused more 

 or less difficulty in tabulating statistics of fisheries for 

 the entire country. In some instances a single species 

 of fish is known by a number of different names in the 

 same section as well as in different sections of the coun- 

 try, and it also frequently happens that a single name 

 will represent different species of fish in different local- 

 ities. It is the exception, perhaps, rather than the 

 rule, in the case of fishes usually taken in the commer- 

 cial fisheries, to find a species that is not known by 

 more than one common name. Such names as "her- 

 ring," "trout," and "perch," are frequently applied 

 by fishermen and others in various localities to species 

 to which they do not properly belong, or which require 

 that the name be supplemented with some qualifying 

 word in order to be clearly understood. Even the 

 familiar and generally well-understood name "shad" 

 is, in North Carolina, sometimes applied to the men- 

 haden. In this report an effort has been made to list 

 each species under a correct and well-established com- 

 mon name in the general tables, and at the same time 

 in the tables for each state to use, so far as consistent, 

 names which are applied locally. 



Under "Albacore, or horse mackerel," are included 

 the horse mackerel of the Atlantic coast, the tuna of 

 California (Thunnus ihynnus), and related species 

 usually known as albacore. In the tables for Califor- 

 nia "albacore and tuna" includes Thunnus thynnus 

 and related species, while the name "horse mackerel" 

 is applied to Trachurus picturatus, as is the custom 

 locally. The name "alewife" or "alewives" has been 



used exclusively to designate Pomolobus psevddharen- 

 gus and P. aestivalis, although these species are very 

 generally known in Chesapeake Bay, Albemarle Sound, 

 and elsewhere in the Middle and South Atlantic states 

 as herring, and in the New England states as alewives 

 and bluebacks, respectively. The name "herring" 

 has been used to designate Clupea harengus on the 

 Atlantic coast and C. pallasii on the Pacific coast, 

 while the various species of lake herring, Leucich- 

 thys artedi, L. Tioyi, and other species of Leucichthys, 

 which are locally known as herring in the Great Lakes 

 region, have been designated as "lake herring," and 

 L. hoyi sometimes as "chub," or "kieye." Under 

 "bream and sunfish" are included various species 

 of Lepomis and Eupomotis. The name "perch" is 

 used in the tables for Washington, Oregon, and 

 California for the viviparous perches, Cymatogaster 

 aggregatus, Embiotoca jacksoni, DamalicJithys argy- 

 rosomus, and other Embiotocidse or surf-fishes. The 

 name "surf -fish" is also applied to certain species of 

 this family, and all the species tabulated under the 

 head "viviparous perch" are in fact surf-fishes. 

 "Drum, fresh-water" or "drum or sheepshead" is 

 used for Aplodinotus grunniens, and "drum, salt- 

 water" for Pogonias cromis and Scisenops oceUatus. 

 "Channel bass" is also used as a designation for this 

 latter species. "Sheepshead" is the term used to 

 designate Archosargus probatocephalus. The name 

 "halibut" is used exclusively for Hippoglossus Tiippo- 

 glossus, while the bastard halibut (ParalicMhys cali- 

 fornicus) of California is not shown separately, but is 

 included with flounders. "Hickory shad" is applied 

 to Pomolobus mediocris in waters on the Atlantic coast, 

 and to P. chrysochloris in rivers of the Mississippi Val- 

 ley. "Shad" is not applied in this report to any spe- 

 cies except Alosa sapidissima, and A. oliiensis, and 

 Brevoortia tyrrannus is given only as "menhaden." 

 " Jewfish" is applied to Garrupa nigrita on the Atlan- 

 tic coast, and to Stereolepis gigas on the Pacific coast. 

 The names "kingfish" and "whiting" are used for 

 various species of MenticirrJius on the Atlantic coast, 

 while in Florida "kingfish" applies to Scomberomorus 

 cavalla, but in the summary tables for the United 

 States the two names are combined as a single designa- 

 tion for the various species of Menticirrhus, the king- 

 fish on the Pacific coast being an entirely different spe- 

 cies. Merluccius bilinearis in the New England and 

 Middle Atlantic states is frequently known by the name 

 "whiting," but in this report that species has been des- 

 ignated as "silver hake." The name "pigfish," and in 

 Virginia the name "hogfish," designate Orthopristis 

 chrysopterus, and in the summary tables for the entire 

 country the two names combined represent this 

 species, while in the tables for Florida "hogfish" is 

 Lachnolaimus maximus, which is included among the 

 miscellaneous species in the summary statistics. 

 In the statistics for Maine and Massachusetts the 

 name "catfish" designates Anarhichas lupus, while 



