APPENDIX. 



309 



'-'hub. — This name is given most frequently to various species of 

 the Cyprinidse. They are found in all parts of the United States, 

 but have no great value as food fish. The name is also applied to 

 the tautog ( Tautoga onitis) in New Jersey and in the Chesapeake, 

 to the spot (Leiostomus xanihurus) at Charleston, S. C, and to the 

 large-mouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides) in North Carolina. 



Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) .—A food fish of much less 

 value than the common mackerel, which it closely resembles. It 

 is found irregularly along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and in the 

 Pacific as far north as Monterey. It is also called "thimble-eye," 

 "big-eyed mackerel," "bull mackerel," "easter mackerel," "tinker 

 mackerel," and "little mackerel." It reaches a length of about 

 1 foot, and on account of its small size very little attention is paid to 

 it where the common mackerel is found. 



Cigae-fish.— See Round robin. 



Cisco (Leucichthys artedi).— One of the lesser whitefishes, found 

 in the Great Lakes and neighboring waters. Other names are ' ' lake 

 herring," "Michigan herring," etc. The usual length is a little 

 more than 12 inches. It belongs to the salmon family. The name 

 is also applied to a related species of less economic importance. 



Clam. — A name given to bivalve mollusks largely used for food 

 and bait; found on all our coasts. Various species, most of which 

 are edible, are known by the names of "soft clam," "long clam," 

 "butter-fish," "mananose," "nanninose," "squirt clam," "qua- 

 haug," "hard clam," "surf clam," "sea clam," "hen clam," 

 "beach clam," "dipper," "skimmer," "painted clam," "cuneata 

 clam," "round clam," "little-neck clam," "gapers," "tellens," 

 "flat clam," "razor clam," "razor-fish," "knife-handle," "bull- 

 nose," etc. The fishing or digging of these bivalves forms an im- 

 portant industry in both the Atlantic and Pacific states. Dredges, 

 rakes, tongs, hoes, forks, and baskets are used in gathering them. 

 Large quantities are salted or pickled and sold for bait. 



Cobia (Rachycentron Canadian). — One of the most important food 

 fishes of Maryland and Virginia, and found lesB abundantly along 

 the entire coast from Cape Cod southward. It is called "bonito" 

 and "coalfish" in the Chesapeake; "sergeant-fish'' in southern and 

 eastern Florida; "ling" and "snooks" in western Florida; and 

 "crab-eater." It averages from 2 to 3 feet in length. 



Cod (Gadus callarias). — One of the most important food fishes of 

 the United States. It is caught most extensively along the coasts 

 of the Middle states, New England, and British America. It varies 

 in weight from 3 to 75 pounds. It is caught with hand lines, trawls, 

 nets, etc., and is sold fresh, pickled, salted, and dried. Food prepa- 

 rations, such as boneless and desiccated fish, are also made from 

 cod. The sounds are used in the manufacture of glue. The Alaska 

 cod (Gadus macrocephalus) is an important food fish found from 

 Bering Sea to Oregon. 



The skilfish (Anoplopoma fimbria) is known as the "black cod." 

 The redfish (Sebastodes melanops) is known as the "red cod." 



The cultus cod (Ophiodon elongatus) is always called "codfish" 

 where the true cod is unknown. 



Conch (S trombus gigas). — A large sea snail found on the Atlantic 

 coast and extensively gathered and sold for ornaments, for the 

 manufacture of porcelain and lime, and for medicinal purposes. 

 The animal is used as food in Key West. A valuable pearl is some- 

 times derived from it. 



Crab. — A general term applied to various kinds of decapod crus- 

 taceans found along the entire coast. The different species vary 

 much in size, habit, and use, and are designated blue, fiddler, 

 green, hermit, horseshoe, jonah, kelp, king, lady, mud, oyster, red, 

 rock, sand, sea, soldier, spider, stone, etc. The edible crabs have 

 names applied by the catchers, describing the different conditions 

 of the shell. While shedding they are known as "hard-shell," 

 "comer," "buster," "peeler," and "shedder;" while growing a 

 new shell, "soft-shell," "paper-shell," "buckler," and "hard- 

 shell." The gathering of crabs is an important industry along the 

 entire Atlantic coast. They are caught with scrap nets, dip nets, 



pots, seines, trawls, hand lines, spears, and tongs, and are used for 

 food, bait, and fertilizers. The fertilizers are sold as "cancerine." 



Crappie (Pomoxis annularis).— A. fresh- water food fish found in 

 the Mississippi Valley. Local names are "bachelor," "new light," 

 "campbellite," "sac-a-lait," "chinquapin perch," etc. Itis some- 

 times confounded with the calico bass (Pomoxis sparoides). 



Crayfish, or Crawfish. — A decapod crustacean found in most of 

 the fresh-water streams of North America. It is sometimes called 

 the "spring lobster." The principal supply is obtained at New 

 Orleans, in the Potomac, and near the Great Lakes, and the prin- 

 cipal markets are New York and New Orleans. 



Crevalle (Caranx hippos). — A food fish very abundant on the east 

 Florida and Gulf coasts, and occasionally found as far north as Cape 

 Cod. Local names are "crevalle," "horse crevalle," "horse- 

 mackerel," etc. The average weight is 12 pounds. The name is 

 also applied to the cero (Scomberomorus cavalla). 



Croaker (Micropogon undulatus). — A food fish found mostly in 

 the South, but sometimes caught as far north as New York. Local 

 names are "crocus" and "ronco." It averages about 10 inches in 

 length. Large quantities are caught in the Gulf with hand lines 

 and seines, and sell at low prices. 



Also a local name for blue surf-fish (Embiotoca jacksoni) at San 

 Diego, and for the fresh- water drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) in 

 northern Indiana. 



Cultch. — The spawn of the oyster; also materials used to form 

 the spawning bed for oysters. 



Cultus cod (Ophiodon elongatus). — A common food fish found on 

 the Pacific coast from Sitka to Santa Barbara. Common names are 

 "codfish," "ling," "bastard cod," "buffalo cod," "blue cod," etc. 

 It averages about 8 pounds in weight, and is caught on hooks and in 

 sweep nets. 



Cuneata clam (Gnathodon cuneatus). — This clam is found in large 

 quantities in the Gulf of Mexico and is used as an article of food. 

 The shell is used for road making. The famous shell roads of the 

 South are constructed of these shells, taken from Lakes Pontchar- 

 train and Salvador. 



Cunnbr. — See Chogset. 



Cusk (Brosme brosme). — A deep-water food fish found in the Atlan- 

 tic Ocean north of Cape Cod. 



Cuttle-fish ( Cephalopoda) . — Mollusks found in large numbers all 

 along the coast. The "common squid, " "octopus," "calamary, " 

 "Bea arrow, " etc., are different species found in particular localities. 

 They are caught in fish pounds, seines, weirs, and trawls, and with 

 fishhooks; large numbers are also taken by driving them on shore by 

 ' ' torching. " Some are caught with a peculiar arrangement of 

 hooks called a "squid jig. " Different species vary in length from 

 a few inches to 50 feet. They are important as a bait for many useful 

 fish and as food for man. Oil, "cuttle bone," a dentifrice, india 

 ink, etc., are also obtained from them. 



Dace. — A common name applied to different species of the Cyp- 

 rinidse family, generally modified by some descriptive prefix, as 

 "horned dace, " "red dace, " etc. 



Diamond-back. — See Terrapin. 



Dogfish (Squalus acanthias). — A shark found abundantly in the 

 north Atlantic, sometimes ranging south to Cuba. On the Pacific 

 coast is found S. suchlii. It reaches a length of 3 feet. They are 

 captured for their livers and skins, the former producing large quan- 

 tities of oil, and the latter, when dried, being used for polishing pur- 

 poses. The names " smooth -dogfish, " "horned dogfish," etc., are 

 applied to related species. The name dogfish is also applied to the 

 bowfin (Amiatus calva) in the region of the Great Lakes and to the 

 burbot (Lota maculosa) about Lake Erie. 



Dolphin. — 1. Cetaceans abundant everywhere in temperate and 

 tropical seas; also known by the names of "porpoise, " "cowfish, " 

 ' ' herring-hogs, " " puffers, " etc . Dolphins are from 5 to 15 feet long 

 and weigh from 100 to 500 pounds. They are captured in nets, by 

 harpooning, and by driving them ashore, and are used for bait and 



