APPENDIX. 



311 



species are known as "old English hake," "squirrel hake," "white 

 hake," "ling," "king hake," "codling," etc. They are often pre- 

 pared under the trade name of "boneless fish." They average from 

 1J to 2 feet in length and 3 to 8 pounds in weight, and are caught 

 near muddy bottoms with trawls and hand lines and in weirs and 

 traps. They are eaten fresh, and are salted and dried, and pickled 

 in barrels. The 'sound, or air bladder, is of great commercial 

 importance in the manufacture of isinglass. The name is also 

 applied to the kingfish"( Menticirrhus saxatilis) on the coast of New 

 Jersey and Delaware. The California hake ( Merluctius productus) 

 and the New England whiting (Merluctius bilinearis) or "silver 

 hake " are true hakes. 



Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus).—Th.e largest and most 

 valuable of the flat fishes; found in the North Atlantic and Pacific 

 Oceans. It is one of the largest species used for food, sometimes 

 weighing over 300 pounds. The average weight is from 50 to 75 

 pounds. It is caught with trawls and hand lines. There are three 

 grades of halibut. The "white," which has its underside immac- 

 ulate, is considered best and brings the highest price; the "gray" 

 is blotched on the under side and sells for a third less; the "sour" 

 is tainted, and brings only about one-fourth as much as the "white." 

 Small young fish, weighing from 10 to 20 pounds, are called "chick- 

 ens," and are much sought after by epicures. Halibut are sold 

 fresh and are also cured and smoked. The napes are pickled. 

 An oil used for currying purposes is made from the head, and the 

 residue is used as a fertilizer under the name of "chum." See 

 Flounder. 



Haliotis. — See Abalone. 



Hawks-bill turtle (Chelonia imbricata). — This turtle is found 

 on the Atlantic coast south of North Carolina and throughout the 

 Gulf. It is also called the "tortoise-shell turtle." It reaches a 

 weight of about 300 pounds. It is of no value for food, but is 

 caught for the hornlike scales or plates which cover its bony shell, 

 which form the "tortoise shell" of commerce. A closely related 

 species is found on the Pacific coast. 



Herring (Clupea harengus). — A very important food fish found 

 in the north Atlantic as far south as Sandy Hook; it is never found 

 in brackish or fresh waters. "Sperling" and "brit" denote differ- 

 ences in the age of the fish. They weigh from one-half to 1 pound; 

 average length, 10 inches. They are caught in pounds, traps, 

 weirs, and gill nets, and by "torching." As a food fish they are 

 used fresh, salted, pickled, smoked, and canned; used also exten- 

 sively for bait in the cod, haddock, halibut, and hake fisheries. 



The name is also applied to the Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia 

 patronus) on the Texas coast and to the menhaden (B. tyrannus) in 

 southern Florida. The hickory shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) is 

 called "thread herring" in North Carolina. The "big-eyed her- 

 ring" (Elops saurus) appears in America north to the Carolinas and 

 Gulf of California. The California herring (Clupea pallasi) is found 

 the entire length of the Pacific coast. The Rocky Mountain white- 

 fish (Coregonus williamsoni) is called "mountain herring" in Utah. 

 For "lake herring" and "Michigan herring," see Cisco; for "branch 

 herring," "big-eyed herring," "wall-eyed herring," "glut herring," 

 "English herring," "spring herring," and "summer herring," see 

 Alewife; for "fall herring," see Mattowacca. 



Hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus).—k much-esteemed food fish 

 found about the Florida reefs, where it is caught by line fishermen. 

 It averages 3 to 5 pounds in weight. The name is also applied to 

 the log perch (Pertina caprodes), to the pigfish (Orthopristis chrysop- 

 terus), and to the blunt-nosed shiner (Selene vomer). 



Horned pout (Ameiurus nebulosus) —k catfish found in the 

 fresh waters of the Eastern, Northern, and Southern states, and in 

 California. It is also called "bull-head," "bull-pout," "minister," 

 etc. It averages about 12 inches in length and 1} pounds in weight. 



Hornet-head.— A small dace (Eybopsis kentuckiensis), found 

 abundantly in rivers from New York to Alabama and in the West. 



Horsefish. — See Blunt-nosed shiner. The name is also applied 

 to the sauger (Stizostedion canadense) . 



Horsefoot. — A local name for the horseshoe crab or king crab. 



Horse-mackerel ( Thynnus thynnus).— The largest of the mack- 

 erel family, found on the Atlantic coast to Newfoundland and on 

 the California coast to Monterey Bay. Also called "tunny," 

 "tuna," and "albacore." The average length is about 8 feet. A 

 good food fish and yields much oil, etc. The name is also applied 

 to the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in Rhode Island; to the jurel 

 (Caranx chrysos) at Fort Macon; to the creval!6 (Caranx hippos); 

 to the California hake ( Merluctius productus) on the Pacific coast; 

 and to several Pacific coast species of little importance. 



Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). — A crustacean found 

 on the Atlantic coast in large numbers; also called "king crab," 

 "horsefoot," etc. It is caught by hand and in pounds and weirs, 

 and is used for both bait and food, but most extensively for fertiliz- 

 ing purposes. 



Humpback (Megaptera nodosa). — A whale found in both the 

 Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It attains a length of 50 feet. It is 

 valuable for its oil, but the baleen is short and of poor quality. 



Humpbacked butterfish. — See Blunt-nosed shiner. 



Jack. — A name applied to the common pickerel (Esox retieulatus) 

 in the South, to the bocaccio (Sebastodes pautispinis) on the Pacific 

 coast, and to the wall-eyed pike (Stizostedion vitreum) in the South. 



Jack-fish. — See Jurel. 



Jack salmon. — See Wall-eyed pike. 



Jewfish (Stereolepis gigas). — The largest food fish found on the 

 Pacific coast, sometimes reaching a weight of 500 pounds. It is also 

 called "black sea-bass." The name is also applied to the black 

 grouper (Garrupa nigrita) in Florida and Texas, and to the tarpon 

 (Tarpon atlanticus) in Georgia and Florida. 



Jurel (Caranx chrysos). — A food fish found along the Atlantic and 

 Gulf coasts. It is known about Pensacola as "jurel" and "hard- 

 tail;" along the Florida coast as "jack-fish" and "skipjack;" in 

 South Carolina as the "horse crevalle;" at Fort Macon as the "horse- 

 mackerel;" and about New Yerk and on the coast of New Jersey as 

 the "yellow mackerel." They measure from 12 to 18 inches in 

 length, and are caught in seines. 



Killer whale (Orca orca). — A whale from 15 to 30 feet long that 

 abounds in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, but is seldom 

 captured. The Makah Indians of Washington consider them choice 

 food. The jaws, studded with strong, conical teeth, are sold as 

 curiosities. 



King crab. — See Horseshoe crab. 



Kingfish (Mentitirrhus saxatilis). — A food fish found on the 

 coasts of the Middle and South Atlantic states, and occasionally on 

 the Gulf coast. It is called "hake" in New Jersey, "tomcod" in 

 Connecticut, "black mullet" in the Chesapeake, "sea mink" in 

 North Carolina, and ' ' whiting ' ' in the South. Also a common name 

 for the cero (Scomberomorus cavalla). 



King salmon. — See Quinnat. 



Ladyfish (Albula vulpes). — A fish of wide distribution in tem- 

 perate and tropical waters ; found on the Atlantic coast as far north 

 as Cape Cod, in the Gulf of Mexico, and on the Pacific coast to San 

 Diego. On account of its beautiful color it sells readily, but is not 

 much esteemed as a table fish. 



Lake herring. — See Cisco. 



Lake trout (Cristivomer namaycush). — The trout found in the 

 Great Lakes and in the smaller lakes of the Northern states. In 

 different localities the individuals vary greatly in color, size, and 

 shape, and are known by the local names "salmon trout, " "namay- 

 cush," "togue," "tuladi," "Mackinaw trout," "lake salmon," 

 -"black trout," "reef trout," "longe," etc. The "siscowet" is 

 another variety of this species. 



Lamprey (Petromyzonidx). — A fish of little commercial value, 

 found in nearly all the fresh and brackish waters of the United 

 States. It is also known by the names "lamper eel," "nine-eye," 

 etc. 



Lant (Ammodytes americanus). — A small fish found on the north 

 Atlantic coast, probably as far south as Maryland, and A. personatus 



