APPENDIX. 



315 



Runner (Elagatis bipinnulatus) . — A food fish abundant on the 

 western and southern coasts of Florida. It is also called "skipjack," 

 "yellowtail," and "shoemaker." It reaches a length of 2$ feet. 



Sacramento perch (Archoplites interruptus) . — A sunfish of the 

 Sacramento and an excellent food fish . 



Sacramento pike (Ptycochelius oregonensis and P. grandis). — A 

 chub of the Sacramento and Columbia. It is also known as "big- 

 mouth," "box-head," "yellow-belly," "chappaul," and "squaw- 

 fish." It reaches a length of 5 feet or more. 



Saibling (Salvelinus aureolus) .—The Sunapee trout of Maine and 

 New Hampshire. 



Sailor's choice (Lagodon rhomboides) .—A food fish found on the 

 Atlantic coast south of Cape Hatteras and in the Gulf. It is also 

 called "robin," "pinfish," "salt-water bream," "squirrel-fish," 

 "porgy," "scup," "yellowtail," "shiner," "chopa spina," etc. It 

 averages about 10 inches in length and 6 ounces in weight, and is 

 caught with hook and line and in cast nets and Beines The name 

 is also applied to the pigfish (Orthopristis chrysoplerus) in South 

 Carolina. 



Salmon (Salmo salar). — This is the salmon of the Atlantic coast. 

 It is found along the coast of the New England states. At differ- 



ent ages the fish are known 



parrs, 



'smolts, 



'grilse, 



"kelts," and "salmon." The adults weigh from 15 to 40 pounds. 

 They are caught with nets, seines, and hand lines, and by spearing. 

 The landlocked salmon, or fresh-water salmon, or Sebago salmon 

 (S. sebago), is found in fresh waters, generally landlocked. 



The blueback salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is found on the Pacific 

 coast from the Columbia River northward. The California salmon, 

 or chinook salmon, or quinnat (0. tschawytscha), is found from 

 Monterey to Alaska. The dog salmon (0. keta) ranges from the Sac- 

 ramento River to Bering Strait. The humpbacked salmon, or 

 lost salmon (0. gorbuscha), ranges from the Sacramento River to 

 Alaska. The silver salmon, or white salmon (0. kisutch), is found in 

 all rivers from the Sacramento River to Bering Strait. 



The California yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis) is also known as the 

 "white salmon" on the Pacific coast, as is also the chub (Ptychoch- 

 eilus lucius) of the Colorado River. The name "kelp salmon" is 

 applied to the cabrilla (Paralabrax clathratus) at Monterey; "lake 

 salmon, ' ' to the lake trout ( Cristivomer namaycush) in the lakes of 

 northern New York; and "salmon" and "jack salmon," to the 

 "wall-eyed pike" (Stizostedionvitreum)m the streams of the South. 

 See Trout. 



Sardine. — The California sardine (Sardinia cmrulea). The name 

 is erroneously applied to various other small fishes of the herring 

 family, and is also given to canned herring prepared after the man- 

 ner of the French sardines. 



Sauger (Stizostedion canadense) .—This fish is found in the Great 

 Lakes region, and in the upper Mississippi, upper Missouri, and Ohio 

 Rivers. It is known locally as the "gray pike," "sand pike," 

 "ground pike," "pickering," "pickerel," "horsefish," etc. Itisa 

 small fish, not exceeding 18 inches in length. See Pike perches. 



ScALLOP(P«c«en irradians) .—An edible bivalve found off the coasts 

 of Long Island, Rhode Island, and southern Massachusetts in pay- 

 ing quantities; less numerous South. It is obtained by dredging 

 and raking. The powerful central muscle by which the animal 

 opens and closes its shell forms the edible portion. The- shells are 

 of commercial value. The rims or refuse are used for fertilizers. 



Sculpin (Cottidx).— Several species of sculpin are found on the 

 Atlantic and Pacific coasts and in inland waters, but none are of 

 particular value as food fish. Those on the Atlantic are called 

 "grubby," " puffing-grubby, " "daddy sculpin," "bull-head," 

 "sea-robin," "sea toad," "pigfish," "sea-raven," etc.; thoseon the 

 Pacific, "drummer," "salpa," "johnny," "biggy-head," "cabe- 

 zon, " etc. ; and those in the lakes and streams of the Northern states, 

 "bull-heads," "miller's thumb," "goblins," "blobs," "muffle- 

 jaws," etc. Most of the species are of small size. 



Scup (Stenotomus chrysops). — This fish is found along the Atlantic 

 coast from Cape Cod to South Carolina; abundant North. Common 



local names are "scuppaug," "paugy," "porgy," "pogy," "fair 

 maid," etc. They are caught in pounds and traps and with hook 

 and line. 



Sea bass (Centropristes striatus). — A food fish found from Vine- 

 yard Sound to the eastern part of the Gulf of Mexico. It is known 

 south of Cape Hatteras as the "blackfish;" in the Middle states as 

 "black Will," "black Harry," and "hannahills;" aboutNew Bed- 

 ford and Newport as "bluefish;" and at New Bedford also as "rock 

 bass." The average length in New England is about 15 inches; 

 average weight, \\ pounds. In the South they are much smaller, 

 averaging about three-fourths of a pound in weight. They are 

 caught with hand lines and in pounds and traps. The white sea- 

 bass (Cynoseion nobilis) is found on the Pacific coast from Cape 

 Mendocino to San Diego. It is an important food fish, and averages 

 15 pounds in weight. The redfish (Scicenops ocellata) is called "sea 

 bass" in the Carolinas, Florida, and the Gulf. 



Sea-elephant (Mirounga angustirostris) . — A marine mammal, 

 12 to 14 feet long, found on the Pacific coast. The oil is of com- 

 mercial value, and the tongues are sometimes salted and used for food . 



Sea herring. — The common herring (Clupea harengus) of the 

 north Atlantic. 



Sea-horse (Hippocampus hudsonius and H. ingens). — A curious 

 fish found on the eastern coast south of Cape Cod and on the Pacific 

 coast. Few specimens are taken, and they are sold for curiosities. 



Seal (Pinnipedia). — The seal tribe embraces the walrus, eared 

 seals, and earless seals. They are found in the northern part of the 

 Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and in the Arctic Ocean. They are cap- 

 tured for their oil, skins, and flesh. The fur-seal fishery is the most 

 important. See Fur seal. 



Sea-lion (Eumetopias jubata) . — A seal found on the Pacific coast 

 from the Farallone Islands to the Pribilof Islands. The males are 

 about 15 feet long, and weigh about 1,000 pounds; the females are 

 about half as large as the males. They are killed with guns and 

 lances, and are used by the natives for food, oil, leather, etc. The 

 California sea-lion (Zalophus californianus) is found on the Cali- 

 fornia coast from San Diego to San Francisco. 



Sea robin (Prionotus carolinus). — This fish is found along the 

 eastern coast south of Cape Cod. They are also called "gurnards," 

 ' ' wing-fish, " " sea bat, " etc . They attain a length of 15 to 18 inches 

 and a weight of about a pound. The name is also applied to the 

 toadfish (Opsanus tau) in the Gulf. 



Sea shad. — Small immature shad that feed about bays and the 

 mouths of rivers during the summer after the ascent of the main 

 body of breeders. 



Sea snails (Gasteropoda). — An asymmetrical mollusk bearing a 

 single shell. They are found on all our coasts, and are known as 

 "periwinkles," "whelks," "wilks," "winkles," "wrinkles," 

 "conchs," "drills," "borers," "helmet-shells," "abalones," 

 "ormer-shells," "sea-ears," "limpets," "wood-lice," "lobster 

 tails," "sea-bugs," etc. They are not extensively used for food in 

 this country, but are used for bait in numerous fisheries. 



Sea trout. — A name given to the white sea-bass (Cynoseion 

 nobilis) on the Pacific coast; to the white trout (Cynoseion nothus) 

 along the southern coast; to the spotted rock trout or greenling 

 (Hexagrammos decagrammus) south of San Francisco; and to the 

 squeteague (Cynoseion regalis) on the Atlantic coast. It is also a 

 trade name for sea herring. 



Seekonks. — Oysters (mainly seed) growing in theSeekonk River, 

 Rhode Island. 



Sergeant-fish. — See Cobia. 



Shad (Alosa sapidissima). — A very important food fish found on 

 all the coasts and in some inland waters; the great fisheries are in the 

 rivers of the Atlantic slope. It is called "white shad," in distinc- 

 tion from other "shad." The average weight is about 4 pounds; 

 average length about 2 feet. It is caught in nets, seines, and weirs, 

 and is sold fresh, cured, and pickled. 



The names "mud shad," "gizzard shad," "winter shad," "stink 

 shad," "hickory shad," and "white-eyed shad " apply to a different 



