APPENDIX. 



317 



tic states; and "squeteague," "squit," "chickwit," etc., in various 

 places. It averages about 2J pounds in weight, though some indi- 

 viduals attain a weight of 30 pounds. They are caught in seines and 

 gill nets and with hook and line. The sounds are of commercial 

 value. The spotted squeteague ( Cynoscion nebulosus) is found from 

 New Jersey to Texas, and is somewhat larger than the preceding. 

 The California "bluefish" is Cynoscion parvipinnis . The great 

 "white sea-bass" of California is Cynoscion nobilis. 



Squid.— See Cuttle-fish. 



Starfish.— A star-shaped animal consisting of a central disk from 

 which radiate five arms or "fingers;" found all along the coast and 

 known as ' ' five-finger, " " sea-star, " " star, "etc. 1 1 is of importance 

 only on account of the great damage it does to oyster beds. 



Strawberry bass.— See Calico bass. 



Striped bass (Roccus lineatm) .—One of the choicest food fishes 

 found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts; it often ascends rivers for 

 several miles. In the North it is generally called the "striped bass;" 

 in the South "rockfish" and "rock." Large specimens are called 

 "green-head " and "squid-hound " by New Englanders. The aver- 

 age length is about 3 feet; average weight about 20 pounds. They 

 are caught in weirs, traps, gill nets, and seines, and with hook and 

 line. The name is sometimes applied to the white bass (Roccus 

 chrysops) of the Great Lakes region. 



Sturgeon (Acipenseridse).— A food fish found on the Atlantic and 

 Pacific coasts and in many inland waters. The various species are 

 known as "lake sturgeon,'' "white sturgeon," "shovelnose," etc. 

 The Atlantic sturgeon attains a length of 5 to 12 feet and a weight 

 of 400 to 500 pounds. They are caught in drift nets, pound nets, 

 weirs, and seines, and by spearing and "gaffing." They are sold 

 fresh, pickled, and smoked, for food; "caviar" is manufactured 

 from their eggs; the skin is made into leather; the sounds are used 

 in the manufacture of glue and isinglass; a valuable oil is some- 

 times obtained from the parts not used for food; and the refuse is 

 used for fertilizing purposes. 



Sucker (Catostomidx) . — A food fish, of which some 58 species are 

 found in most of the fresh waters of the United States. The different 

 species are known as "May sucker," "mud sucker," "chub sucker," 

 etc., "rabbit-mouth," "harelip," "split-mouth," "red horse," 

 "mullet," "creek-fish," "black horse," "buffalo-fish," "mooga- 

 dee," etc. They vary in size, all attaining a length of at least a foot. 

 They are caught with hook and line, spears, nets, snares, etc. 



Suk-kegh. — See Blueback. 



Sulphur-bottom whale (Sibbaldius sul fureus). — The largest 

 known cetacean, reaching a length of 100 feet. It is found in the 

 Pacific Ocean, and is captured only by the use of the bomb lance. 

 It is valuable for its oil and baleen. 



Sunfish (Eupomotis gibbosus). — A food fish found in the Great 

 Lakes region, the upper Mississippi Valley, and the coastwise streams 

 from Maine to Georgia. It is also known as '.'sunny," "pumpkin- 

 seed," "bream," etc. It averages about a pound in weight and is 

 caught with hook and line . Related species are known as ' ' sunfish, ' ' 

 "long-eared sunfish," "blue sunfish," etc. 



The ocean sunfish (Mola mola) is found off the entire coast of the 

 United States; also called "headfish." It reaches a weight of 500 

 pounds, and yields a large quantity of valuable oil. 



Surf-fish (Embiotocidx). — A food fish found in large numbers 

 along the Pacific coast. The general name "perch" is applied to 

 them everywhere along the coast; they are also called "pogy" and 

 "porgy" on the Oregon coast, "surf-fish" south of Monterey, and 

 "minny," "sparada," "moharra," etc., along their northern range. 

 The largest attain a weight of 4 pounds; the average is about 1 

 pound. See Alfione. 



Surgeon-fish (Teuthis hepatus).— This is the Tang common from 

 Carolina to Florida. It is a good food fish. Also known as "lancet- 

 fish," "doctor-fish," etc. 



Swell-fish ( Tetraodontidse) . — The different species are known as 

 "globe-fishes," "puffers," "swell-toad," etc. They are common 

 on the Atlantic coast. 



Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) .— One of the best food fishes found 

 the entire length of the Atlantic coast, and rarely off the California 

 coast. The average weight is from 300 to 400 pounds. It is cap- 

 tured with harpoons, and is sold fresh, pickled, and salted. The 

 swords are sold aa curiosities. 



Tailor.— The "salt-water tailor" is the bluefish (Pomatomus 

 saltatrix) of North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. The "fresh- 

 water tailor" is the mattowacca (Clupea mediocris) of the Potomac. 



Tarpon ( Tarpon atlanticus) . — An immense herring-like fish found 

 in the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. It is also called " jew- 

 fish" in Georgia and Florida; "grand ecaille," or "grandy-kye," 

 and "savanilla" in Texas; and "silver-fish" at Pensacola. It 

 attains a length of 6 feet and a weight of 75 pounds, and is caught on 

 hooks and in seines. It is seldom used for food, but the scales, 

 which are from 1 to 3 inches in diameter, are sold for ornaments. 



Tautog (Tautoga onitis). — A food fish found along the east coast 

 from Maine to South Carolina. On the New York coast it is called 

 "blackfish;" in New Jersey, "blackfish," "tautog," and "chub;" 

 on the Virginia coast, "Moll" and "Will George;" at the mouth of 

 the Chesapeake, "salt-water chub;'' and in North Carolina, "oyster- 

 fish." The average weight is about 2 pounds; average length, 

 about 15 inches. It is caught on hooks, and in pounds, weirs, and nets. 



Ten-pounder (Flops saurus). — A game fish found in America 

 north to the Carolinas and Gulf of California. Also known as "big- 

 eyed herring," "bony-fish," "piojo," "John Mariggle," etc. 



Terrapin. — The salt-water terrapin (Malaclemmys palustris) is 

 very highly prized for food. It is found in salt marshes along the 

 coast from Massachusetts to Texas, but those which enter into com- 

 merce are principally from Chesapeake Bay and the Carolina coast. 

 They are also called "salt-marsh turtle" and "diamond-back." 

 The average weight is 4 or 5 pounds. They are taken in dredges, 

 seines, and nets. 



The fresh-water terrapins are generally distributed south of the 

 forty-first parallel of latitude. The most common used for food are 

 the "red-bellied terrapin" (Pseudemys rugosa), the "mobilianer" 

 (P. mobiliensis), and the "yellow-bellied terrapin" (P. scabra). 



Thimble-eye. — See Chub mackerel. 



Tilefish (Latilidx). — A food fish found along the Atlantic and 

 Gulf coasts, and on the Pacific coast south of Monterey. The Cali- 

 fornia species (Caulolatilus princeps) is also known as the "white- 

 fish '' and ' ' blanquillo. ' ' The Atlantic species (Lopholatilus chamse- 

 leonticeps) is abundant at the edge of the Gulf stream southward 

 from Nantucket. All are caught with hook and line. 



Tinker mackerel. — See Chub mackerel. 



Togue. — See Lake trout. 



Tomcod. — The Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus toincod) ranges from 

 New York to Newfoundland, often ascending rivers. It is also 

 known as the "frostfish." The Pacific tomcod (M. proximus) is 

 found from Monterey northward. Each species reaches a length of 

 about 1 foot and a weight of about one-half pound. They are taken 

 in great numbers in seines and sweep nets, and with hook and line. 

 The name is also applied to the kingfish ( Menticirrhus saxatilis) on 

 the Connecticut coast, and to the bocaccio (Sebastodes paucispinis) 

 on the California coast. 



Tortoise. — See Turtle. 



Triple-tail (Lobotes surinamensis). — A food fish, found on the 

 Atlantic coast as far north as Cape Cod, abundant South. It is known 

 in South Carolina as "black perch, " and on the St. Johns River as 

 ' 'grouper. " It attains a length of from 2 to 3 feet, and is caught with 

 hook and line. The scales are sold at a high price for ornaments. 



Trout. — A common name given to the divisions of the salmon 

 family formed by the genus Salmo of western America, the genus 

 Salvelinus or charrs, and the genus Cristivomer or Great Lakes trout. 

 Salmo is represented by three series — the cutthroat trout (S. clarkii), 

 the rainbow trout (S. irideus), and steelhead trout (S. rivularis). 

 Salvelinus is represented in America by some seven species, and 

 Cristivomer by two. See Lake trout, Speckled trout, Rock trout, 

 Squeteague, Black bass, and Salmon. 



