CAPRINE 131 



6'. Beard longer; back frequentlywith 

 light saddle : horns very large, 



with very broad front surface G. sihirica. 



h". Front surface of horns narrower C. nuhiana. 



c''. Front surface of horns forming a sharp 



ridge G. hircus. 



c. Horns forming a corkscrew-like or screw-like 

 heteronymous spiral, with the tips everted ; 

 beard forming a fringe on throat and chest G. falconeri. 



I. CAPEA CAUCASICA. 



Capra caucasica, Giildenstadt, in Pallas, Acta Ac. Petrop. vol. iii, 

 pt, 2, p. 273, 1779. 



The synonomy is given under the heading of the local 

 races of this and the next species. 



Typical locality Central Caucasus in the neighbourhood 

 of Malka and Baoksan, to the east of Mount Elbruz. 



A heavily built goat, with more or less bharal-like horns 

 of the "perverted" homonymous type, and a short curling 

 beard. The horns are generally marked only by irregular 

 transverse lines, but in the typical race may show slight 

 knots on the front surface ; they have a double curve, and 

 the tips are directed inwards and upwards. 



A. — Capra caucasica cylindricornis. 



Ovis cylindricornis, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 68. 



^goceros pallasi, Bouiller, Bull. Soc. Moscow, vol. xiv, p. 908, pi. xi, 

 1841. 



Capra caucasica, Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Europ. p. 28, 

 1840 ; Blasius, Sdugeth. Deutschl. p. 479, 1857 ; Sclater, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 315. 



Ovis pallasi, Beichenbach, Naturgeschichte Wiederhduer, pi. xlix, 

 1846. 



jEgoceros caucasica. Gray, Cat. Vngulata Brit. Mas. p. 148, 1852. 



Capra pallasi, Badde, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 553 ; Ward, Becords 

 of Big Game, p. 235, 1896. 



Capra cylindricornis, Biichner, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Petersh. vol. xxxv. 

 No. 8, p. 21, 1887 ; Menzbier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 618 

 Satunin, Zool. Jahrb. Abt. fiir Syst. vol. ix, p. 312, 1896 ; Ward, 

 Becords of Big Game, p. 235, 1896, ed. 6, p. 385, 1910 ; Pousar- 

 gues, Mim. Soc. Zool. France, 1898, p. 159 ; Lydekker, Wild 

 Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, p. 242, pi. xx, 1898, Great and Small 

 Game of Europe, etc. p. 141, 1901, Field, vol. cxiii, p. 379, 1909 ; 

 Binnih, Zool. Beob. vol. xlix, p. 336, 1908 ; Trouessart, Fatine 

 Mamm. Europe, p. 241, 1910; PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, 

 p. 866. 



Eastern Tur. 



K 2 



