RUPICAPEIN^ 179 



teats usually four ; a larger or smaller bare area on muzzle ; 

 lateral hoofs, as in preceding subfamilies, always developed. 

 Tail usually short, but longer, with a terminal tuft, in some 

 species of Nemorhcedus. Ears long or short, narrow or broad. 



The group ranges over the mountain regions of southern 

 and south-eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Himalaya, China, 

 Japan, Formosa, and north-western North America. 



The genera may be distinguished as follows : — 



A. Muffle large ; horns conical, inclining backwards 



without terminal hook. 



ti. Face-glands present Ga/pricornia. 



b. Face-glands wanting Nemorluedus. 



B. Muffle small. 



a. A pair of glands behind horns. 



a'. Horns conical, strongly hooked backwards 



at tip ; colour dark Bupicapra. 



V. Horns conical, inclining backwards, with- 

 out terminal hook ; colour white Oreamnos. 



h. No glands behind horns. 



Build heavy ; horns massive, keeled, bent out- 

 wards, then slightly downwards, and finally 

 upwards Budorcas. 



I. Genus RUPICAPRA. 



Bupicapra, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philoni. 1816, p. 75 ; Pococh, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 848 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. W. Europe Brit. 



Mus. p. 992, 1912. 

 Capella, Keyserling and Blasius, Wirhelth. Europ. p. iv, ,1840 ; 



Blasius, Sdugeth. Deutschl. p. 487, 1857. 

 Cemas, Gloger, Gemein. Hand- u. Hilfsbuch. Naturgesch. vol. i, 



p. 153, 1841, nee OTcen. 



Build lighter than in Gapra; no beard; cannon-bones 

 long and slender. Horns rising almost vertically, with the 

 tips sharply but regularly hooked, so that they point back- 

 wards, downwards, and slightly outwards. Muffle small, 

 tail short. Shallow foot-glands, approximating to the 

 gazelline rather to the ovine type; no face-glands, but 

 a pair of post-cornual glands in the male; four teats. 

 Skull with facial portion moderately bent downwards, and 

 occipital region not distinctly tubular behind ; no lachrymal 

 pits ; nasal branch of premaxillffi not touching nasals ; teeth 

 of the Ovis type, but crowns of incisors shorter ; terminal 



