30 BEITISH CHAROPHYTA. 



Wallmakn Forsok. syst. Oharac. p. 80, excl. K (1853) ; Transl. p. 67 



(1866). 

 "Wahlstbdt Bidr. Skand. Charac. p. 25 (1862); Mon. Sver. & 



Norg. Oharac. p. 28 (1875). 

 Okbpin in BuU. Soc. Bot. Belg. II, p. 125 (1863). 

 Leonhaedi in Yerh. Natnrf. ver. Brunn, II, p. 186 (1864). 

 Groves in Joui-n. Bot. XVIII, p. 131, t. 208, f. 7 (1880). 

 J. MuLLEK in BuU. Soc. Bot. Geneve, II, p. 83 (1881). 

 Bkatjn & NOBDSTBDT Pragm. Mon. Charac. p. 171 (1882). 

 Sydow Bnrop. Charac. p. 80 (1882). 



BoswELL Engl. Bot. ed. 3, XII, p. 206 pro paHe, t.l916 (1885). 

 MiGTTLA Die Oharaceen, p. 624, f . 130-2 (1895) ; Krypt.-Fl. Deutsch. II, 

 ii, p. 332, t. 75 (1907) ; Syn. Oharac. Europ. p. 137, f. 115-117 (1898). 

 Green Fl. Livei-pool, f. 799 (1902). 

 HoLTZ Oharao. Mark. Brandenb. p. 109 (1903). 

 Pb6sper Oarofit. Espan. p. 142, t. 24 (1910). 

 C. spinosa Vaillantii Rtipebcht Symb. Hist. Ross, p. 83 (1845). 

 C. spinosa Nordstbdt in Bot. Notiser for 1863, p. 47. 

 C. equisetina KtJtzing in Flora, XVII, i, p. 706 (1834) ; Tab. Phyc. 



VII, t. 68, f. 1 (1857). 

 C. major Ht in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, LX, mem. 26, p. 37 (1913) pro 

 parte. 



ExsiccATA : — Areschoug 45, 143, 144, 400 ; Braun, Babenh. & Stiz. 

 2, 3, 49, 70, 85, 117 ; Desmazieres 334-5 ; Fries 14, 100, fide Sydow ; 

 Groves 12, 13, 43, 44 ; Hansen 1099 ; Jack, Leiner & Stiz. 215, 216 ; 

 Lloyd 429, 430; Migula, Sydow & Wahlst. 18, 19, 49, 116-22; 

 Nielssen 26-31, fide Wahlstedt ; Nordstedt & Wahlst. 55a, 666, 56, 57a, 

 57 6, 68, 59, 59 6, 60 a, 6, c, d; Rabenhorst 268; Reichenbach 93; 

 "Westendoi-p & Wall. 900, fide Sydow ; Gr. & B.-W. 10, 31. 



Monoecious. Stem usually very stout and firm ; 

 internodes usually 1^2 J times the length of the branch- 

 lets. Cortex diplostichous, somewhat irregular, the 

 secondary series rather more prominent than the 

 primary, the cells often tapering at their extremities ; 

 spine-cells occurring singly and two and three (occasion- 

 ally four) together, when geminate almost always side- 

 by-side, spreading, usually long and rather stout, 

 cylindrical, acuminate, blunt or acute at the apex. 

 Whorls of about 9-11 brandikts. Stipulodes of both 

 series well developed, of about equal length, cylindrical, 

 acuminate sub-obtuse. Branchlets often long, almost 

 straight or incurved, of 7-9 segments, the upper 1-3 

 usually ecorticate. Bract-cells normally 5 or 7, aU 

 usually more or less elongated, the anterior often longer, 

 the posterior much shorter than the fruit, cylindrical, 



