MALVACEAE— ABUTILON 627 



more; carpels 2-valved, 2-9 seeded; seeds reniform. About 90 species in trop- 

 ical or warm temperate regions. Many of the species are under cultivation. 



Abutilon Theophrasti Medic. Velvet-leaf 



A stout, strongly-scented annual, 2-4 feet high, with tough, fibrous stems ; 

 leaves roundish, heart-shaped, tapering to a point, velvety ; peduncles shorter tjian 

 the petioles; flowers yellow; carpels 12-15, pubescent, opening at the apex; each 

 valve beaked by a slender awn. 



Distribution. Common in the northern states. Naturalized from India. 



Poisonous properties. It is reported as poisonous ; the strong odor is so 

 very objectionable that it is not likely that much of the plant will be consumed 

 by stock. 



PARIETALES 



Herbs, shrubs, or trees; flowers generally complete, perfect and regular 

 or in some cases irregular; sepals distinct or united, imbricated or convolute; 

 petals nearly always present and distinct ; stamens mostly numerous ; ovary com- 

 pound superior or inferior in some; placentae mostly parietal. The order in- 

 cludes a number of important families. Caricaceae contains the pawpaw (Carica 

 Papaya) the edible fruit of which is from 6-10 in. long; of yellow color and 

 contains the alkaloid carpain Cj^H,jNO„, acting similarly to digitalis, and a 

 glucoside caricin; it also contains the enzyme papain, which resembles trypsin 

 in its proteolytic action, converting animal proteins into proteoses forming pep- 

 tones. This does not occur in vegetables. These changes do not go on in 

 «cid and alkaline substances, but act best in a neutral medium. The most active 

 changes occur best when the medium is from S3 to 40 degrees C. A similar 

 ferment occurs in the leaves of Carica quercifolia of Argentina. Caryocaraceoe 

 includes gamboge {Garcinia Hanburyi) a cathartic; the mammey apple (Mammea 

 americana) cultivated in the West Indies; the Calophyllum Calaba which fur- 

 nishes the Calaba balsam, the mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana) of the Moluc- 

 cas, widely cultivated in the tropics. The Dipterocarpaceae includes the genus 

 Dipterocarpus, which furnishes resin, and shorea, furnishes Chalia resin. "Piney 

 resin" is obtained from Valeria and is used as a substitute for dammar. The 

 Tamaricaceae contains the ornamental Tamarix gallica, an excellent honey plant ; 

 the Tamarix mannifera from which a manna-like sugar is derived; the Fott- 

 quiera splendens of Mexico frequently cultivated and producing the ocotilla wax ; 

 and the Myricaria germanica, the twigs of which are used as a substitute for 

 hops. Cistacae includes the rock rose (Helianfhemum canadense) , the pinweed 

 (Lechea minor) and the Cistus polymorphus furnishing laudanum. 



The Begoniaceae includes the commonly cultivated genus of Begonia with 

 550 species. The Bixaceae includes Bixa Orellana which furnishes the Annatto 

 Bsed to color butter, silks, etc. In the Canellaceae, is Canella alba, from which 

 is obtained the Canella bark of commerce, often called wild cinnamon and which 

 is used as a condiment in the West Indies and Florida where it is a native. 



The family Flacourtiaceae of the tropics includes a number of plants like 

 Gynocardia odorata of India, Hydnocarpus venenata and the Kiggelaria africana 

 of Ceylon, the seeds of which contain hydrocyanic acid. The cocos oil is obtained 

 from Myroxylon and is used in perfumery. The Casearia escidenta of Asia and 

 Australia is a purgative. The family Turneraceae contains a few medicinal 



