450 THE LICHEN-FLORA 



elevated points, their margin slightly raised into a sharp elevated 

 rim ; apothecia entirely immersed in, and covered by the thallus, 

 moderate, hemispherical, scattered ; ostiolum more or less elevated 

 and denuded; epithecium large, poriform; peritheeium dimidiate,- 

 spreading widely at the base, inner tunic black ; paraphyses none ; 

 spores 8, colourless, oblong, simple ; gelatina hymenea vinous-red 

 with iodine. 



On maritime rocks, not common. 1812. 



Syn :— Whlnb. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. 19. (1803.) Nyl. Scand. 273. Leight. 

 Ang. Lich. 59. Mudd Man. 284. 



Fig :— E. Bot. t. 2456. Leight. Aug. Lich. t. 25. f. 2. 



Exs :— Leight. 33. in part. Hepp 716. FeUm. 213. 214. 



Geog. Distrib : — Europe, Norway, Finmark, E. Lapland, E. Indies. 



Bot. Prov:— 1...6...7...11...14, 15...18...30, 31. 



England : — Torquay. Mr. Parfttt. Islands near Bamburgh ! Northumberland. 

 Mr. Borrer. Black Hall rocks near Hartlepool, Durham. Mr. Mudd. Boldon, 

 Cleadon, Castle Eden Dene ; Teesdale, Durham ; Dunstanborough and Holy 

 Island, Northumberland. Mr. Winch. 



Scotland : — Dunbar ! Mr. Borrer. Newhaven ! Leith. Dr. GrevUU. Kincar- 

 dine. Rev. J. M. Grombie. Stennis, Orkney. Dr. Lindsay. 



Ireland : — Ardglass, co. Down. Dr. Maingay. Bantry. Dr. Taylor. Tully ! 

 co. Galway. Mr. Larbalestier. 



Wales : — Barmouth ! Rev. T. Salwey. Bala Lake. Mr. Holmes. Black Stones ! 

 Conway Bay ! Gimlet Rock ! Pwlhelli ; Y Figle f awr ! near Barmouth. Caswell 

 Bay ! Mumbles. Fishguard Harbour ! Goodwick Bay ! Manorbeer ! near Tenby. 

 Harlech Castle ! Craig Dhu ! near Criccieth. 



' Channel Islands : — Jerbourg, Guernsey ; Noirmont ! Jersey, Common on 

 all the Islands. Mr. Larbalestier. 



" Spores .0025 to .003 in. long, by .001 to .00125 in. broad." (Mudd.) " Spores 

 .012— 16 mm. long, .007— 8 mm. broad." (Nyl.) Spores .013— .0155 mm. long, 

 .0075— .008 mm. broad. 



V. aractina. Whlnb. has no other character than the punctato-scabrid ap- 

 pearance of the areolae, but this is more or less observable and intermixed with 

 smooth areolae on all specimens of V. maura. 



14. V. mauroides, Schser. dark-wmber or nearly black, thin, uni 

 form, rimuloso-areolate, smooth ; apothecia minute, very numerous 

 and crowded, innate, at length emersed, hemispherico-conoid, black, 

 somewhat shining ; epithecium poriform ; peritheeium, dimidiate, not 

 spreading at the base, inner tunic thin, dark-brown ; paraphyses 

 crowded, indistinct ; spores 8, colourless, oblong, simple. 



On rocks and walls, frequent. 1805. 



Syn :— Schaer. Spicil. 335. (1836.) Enum. 215. V. umbrina, Leight. Aug. Lich. 

 B2. Mudd Man. 287. 



Fig :— E. Bot. t. 1499. Leight. Ang. Lich. t. 23. f. 2. 



Exs :— Leight. 101. 



Geog. Distrlb :— Switzerland, Italy. 



Bot. Prov :— 1, 2—4, 5...7...10...12. 



England: — Gorlestone Church, Suffolk! Mr. Turner. (1805.) Sussex! Mr. 

 Borrer. Nent Force ! Cumberland. Mr. Robertson. Oswestry ! Shropshire ; 

 Penzance. Rev. T. Salwey. Ayton and Lanbraugh, Cleveland. Mr. Mudd. 

 Babbicombe near Torquay. Dr. Dentin. Exmouth. Mr. Parfitt. Shingles, East- 

 bourne. Mr. Roper. High Bock ! near Bridgnorth ; TJffington ! Myndd-y-Myfyr ! 

 Llanymynech ! Shropshire. 



Wales : — Dolgelley. Dr. Holl. Aberdovey ! Rev. A. Bloxam. Llandeilo ! be- 

 tween Corwen and Bala ! Diganwy ! near Conway, Capel Curig. ! 



"Spores .004 in. long, by .00125 to .0015 in. broad." (Mudd.) Spores .0165— 

 .017 mm. long, .008 — .009 mm. broad. 



15. V. nigrescens, (Pers.) dark-brown or nearly black, thickish, 

 crustaceous, rimuloso-areolate or uneven, loose and crumbling, raised 



