'vHAP. II. Manner of Develop'ineiit. 41 



Of the anthropomorphous apes the males alone have theii 

 canines fally developed ; but in the female gorilla, and in a less 

 degree in the female orang, these teeth project considerably 

 beyond the others ; therefore the fact, of which I have been 

 assured, that women sometimes have considerably projecting 

 canines, is no serious objection to the belief that their occasional 

 great development in man is a case of reversion to an ape-like 

 progenitor. He who rejects with scorn the belief that the shape 

 of his own canines, and their occasional great development in 

 other men, are due to our early forefathers having been pro- 

 vided with these formidable weapons, will probably reveal, by 

 sneering, the line of his descent. For though he no longer 

 intends, nor has the power, to use these teeth as weapons, he wiU 

 unconsciously retract his " snarling muscles" (thus named by 

 Sir C. Bell)," so as to expose them ready for action, like a do^ 

 prepared to fight. 



Many muscles are occasionally developed in man, which are 

 proper to the Quadrumana or other matrmals. Pi'ofessor 

 Vlacovich*' examined forty male subjects, and found a muscle, 

 called by him the ischiopubic. in nineteen of them ; in three 

 others there was a ligament which represented this muscle; and 

 in the remaining eightten no trace of it. In only two ont o* 

 thirty female subjects was this muscle developed on both sides, 

 but in three others the rudimentary ligament was present. Thi-' 

 muscle, therefore, appears to be much more common in thf 

 male than in the female sex ; and on the belief in the descent 

 of man from some lower form, the fact is intelligible ; for it 

 has been detected in several of the lower animals, and in all 

 of these it serves exclusively to aid the male in the act of 

 reproduction. 



Mr. J. Wood, in his valuable series of papers,*' has minutely 

 described a vast number of muscular variations in man, which 

 resemble normal structures in the lower animals. The muscles 



" 'The Anatomy of Expression,' pp. 241, 242 ; vol. xv. 1867, p. 544; 



1844, pp. 110, 131. vol. xvi. 1868, p. 524. 1 may here 



*' Quoted by Prcf. Canestrini in add that Dr. Murie and Mr. St. 



the 'Annuario,' &c., 1867, p. 90. George Mivart have shewn in their 



'^^ These papers deserve careful Memoir on the Lemuroidea (* Tran- 



study by any one who desires to -act. Zoolog. See* vol, vii. 1869, 



learn how frequently our muscles p. 96), how extraordinarily variable 



vary, and in varying come to re- some of the muscles are in these 



Bemble those of the Quadrumaaa. animals, the lowest members of the 



The following references relate to Primates. Gradations, also, in tho 



the few points touched on in my :nuscles leading to structures foui;d 



text : ' Proc. Royal Soc. vol. xiv. in animals still lower in the scalt^ 



ISB.S, pp. 379-384: vol. .tv. 1866. are numerous in the Lemuroidea. 



