4.2 The Descent of Man. Pabt I. 



which closely resemble those regularly present in our nearest 

 allies, the QuadrumAna, are too numerous to be here even 

 specified. In a single male subject, having a strong bodily 

 frame, and well-formed skull, no less than seven muscular varia- 

 tions Were observed, all of which plainly represented muscles 

 proper to various kinds of apes. This man, for instance, had on 

 both sides of his neck a true and powerful " levator claviculce" 

 duch as is found in aU kinds of apes, and which is said to occur 

 in about one out of sixty human subjects.*' Again, this man 

 had " a special abductor of the metatarsal bone of the fifth 

 " digit, such as Professor Huxley and iVlr. Flower have shewn 

 " to exist uniformly in the higher and lower apes." I will give 

 only two additional oases; the acromio-hasilur muscle is found 

 in all mammals below man, and seems to be correlated with a 

 quadrupedal gait," and it occurs m about one out of sixty 

 human subjects. In the lower extremities Mr. Bradley " found 

 an abdaclor ossts metatimi quinti in both feet of man ; this muscle 

 had not up to that time been recorded in mankind, but is 

 always present in the anthropomorphous apes. The muscles of 

 the hands and arms — parts which are so eminently characteristic 

 of man— are extremely liable to vary, so as to resemble the 

 corresponding muscles in the lower animals.^^ Such resem- 

 blances are either perfect or imperfect; yet in the latter case 

 they are manifestly of a transitional nature. Certain variations 

 are more common in man, and others in woman, without our 

 being able to assign any reason. Mr. Wood, after describing 

 numerous variations, makes the following pregnant remark: 

 " Notable departures from the ordinary type of the muscular 

 " structures run in grooves or directions, which must be taken 

 " to indicate some unknown factor, of much importance to a 

 " comprehensive knowledge of general and scientific anatomy."^" 



" See also Prof. Macalister in able case of variation in the liiiTnan 



* Proc. R. Irish Academj,* vol. i.. Jiexor potlicis longus, adiis, "This 



18fi8, p. 124. " remarkable example shews that 



** Mr. ChampnRjs in 'Journal of " man may sometimes possess the 



Anat. and Phys.' Nov., 1871, p. 178. " arrangement of tendons of thumb 



"' 'Journal of Anat. and Phys.' "and fingers characteristic of the 



May, 1872, p. 421. "macaque; but whether such a 



" Prof. Macalister (ibid. p. 121) " case should be regarded as a 

 has tabulated his observations, and " macaque passing upwards into a 

 finds that muscular abnormalities " man, or a man passing downwards 

 are most frequent in the fore-arms, " into a macaque, or as a congenita] 

 hccondiy, in the face, thirdly, in the " freak of nature, I cannot under- 

 foot, &c. " take to say." It is satisfactory 



" The Rev. Dr. Haughton, after to hear so capable an anatomist, 



giving (' Proc. R. Irish Academy,' and so embittered an opponent oi 



Jane 27, 18(34, p. 71o) a remark- evolutionism, admitting even the 



