riHAP. III. Mental Powers. 69 



a spider its wonderful web, quite as well," the first time it tries, 

 as when old and experienced. 



To return to our immediate subject : the lower animals, like 

 man, manifestly feel pleasure and pain, happiness and misery. 

 Happiness is never better exhibited than by young animals, such 

 as puppies, kittens, lambs, &c., when playing together, like oui 

 own children. Even insects play together, as has been described 

 by that excellent observer, P. Huber,' who saw ants chasing and 

 pretending to bite each other, like so many puppies. 



The fact that the lower animals are excited by the same 

 emotions as ourselves is so well established, that it will not be 

 necessary to weary the reader by many details. Terror acts in 

 the same manner on them as on us, causing the muscles to 

 tremble, the heart to palpitate, the sphincters to be relaxed, and 

 the hair to stand on end. Suspicion, the offspring of fear, is 

 eminently characteristic of most wild animals. It is, I think, 

 impossible to read the account given by Sir E. Tennent, of the 

 behaviour of the female elephants, used as decoys, without 

 admitting that they intentionally practise deceit, and well know 

 what they are about. Courage and timidity are extremely 

 variable qualities in the individuals of the same species, as is 

 plainly seen in our dogs. Some dogs and horses are ill-tempered, 

 and easily turn sulky ; others are good-tempered ; and these 

 qualities are certainly inherited. Every one knows how liable 

 animals are to furious rage, and how plainly they show it. 

 Many, and probably true, anecdotes have been published on the 

 long-delayed and artful revenge of various animals. The 

 accurate Eongger, and Brehm ' state that the American and 

 African monkeys which they kept tame, certainly revenged 

 themselves. , Sir Andrew Smith, a zoologist whose scrupulous 

 accuracy was known to many persons, told me the following 

 story of which he was himself an eye-witness; at the Cape 

 of Good Hope an ofiicer had often plagued a certain baboon, 

 and the animal, seeing him approaching one Sunday for 

 parade, poured water into a hole and hastily made some thick 

 mud, which he skilfully dashed over the officer as he passed 

 by, to the amusement of ma.ny bystanders. For long after- 

 wards the baboon rejoiced and triumphed whenever he saw his 

 victim. 



' For the eridence on this ' All the following statements, 

 head, see Mr. J. Trahcrne Mog- given on the authority of these two 

 gridge's most interesting work, naturalists, ale taken from Rengger'e 

 ■ Harvesting Ants and Trap-door 'Naturgesch. der Saugethiere von 

 Spiders,' 1873, p. 126, 128. Paraguay,' 1830, s. 41-57, and from 



' ' Recherohcs sur les Mceurs des Br ei?jn's ' Thierleben,' B. i. s. 10-87 

 Fourmis,' 1810, p. 173. 



