Chap. Vil. The Formation of Races. 197 



If, however, we look to the races of man as distributed over 

 the world, we must infer that cheir characteristic differences can- 

 not be accounted for by the direct action of different conditions 

 of life, even after exposure to them for an enormous period of 

 time. The Esquimaux live exclusively on animal food ; they are 

 clothed in thick fur, and are exposed to intense cold and to 

 prolonged darkness; yet they do not differ in any extreme 

 degree from the inhabitants of Southern China, who live entirely 

 on vegetable food, and are exposed almost naked to a hot, glaring 

 climate. The unclothed Fuegians live on the marine produc- 

 tions of their inhospitable shores; the Botocudos of Brazil 

 wander about the hot forests of the interior and live chiefly on 

 vegetable productions ; yet these tribes resemble each other so 

 closely that the Fuegians on board the " Beagle " were mistaken 

 by some Brazilians for Botocudos. The Botocudos again, as 

 well as the other inhabitants of tropical America, are wholly 

 different from the Negroes who inhabit the opposite shores of 

 the Atlantic, are exposed to a nearly similar climate, and follow 

 nearly the same habits of life. 



Nor can the differences between the races of man be accounted 

 for by the inherited effects of the increased or decreased use of 

 parts, except to a quite insignificant degree. Men who habitu- 

 ally live in canoes, may have their legs somewhat stunted ; 

 those who inhabit lofty regions may have their chests enlarged ; 

 and those Who constantly use certain sense-organs may have the 

 cavities in which they are lodged somewhat increased in size, and 

 their features consequently a little modified. With civiUsed 

 nations, the reduced size of the jaws from lessened use — the 

 habitual play of different muscles serving to express different 

 emotions — and the increased size of the brain from greater 

 intellectual activity, have together produced a considerable 

 effect on their general appearance when compared with 

 savages."'' Increased bodily stature, without any corresponding 

 increase in the size of the brain, may (judging from the pre- 

 viously adduced case of rabbits), have given to some races an 

 elongated skull of the dolichocephalic type. 



Lastly, the little-understood principle of correlated develop- 

 ment has sometimes come into action, as in the case of great 

 muscular development and strongly projecting supra-orbital 

 ridges. The colour of the skin and hair are plainly correlated, as 

 is the texture of the hair with its colour in the Mandans of 

 North America.*' The colour also of the skin, and the odour 



« See Prof. Sohaaffhansen. trans- "' Mr. Catlin states (' N. Ameri- 

 lat. in ' Anthropological Review,' can Indians,' 3ri edit. 1842, vol. (. 

 Oct. 1868, p. 429. p. 49) t;.'at in the whiJ* wiVe nl 



