ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 121 



by water or floating debris and prevents their being sub- 

 merged. Pollarding can be, and usually is, combined to 

 advantage with partial use of the land for grazing or agri- 

 cultural crops. The pollard heads are arranged far enough 

 apart so that good grass for grazing can develop between 

 them, while the sprouts are above the reach of the animals. 

 The pollard heads may be placed still farther apart in rows 

 where they serve as fence or vineyard posts. Agricultural 

 crops are then grown between the rows of pollard heads. (See 



Fig. 45-) 



Rotations in pollarding must be short, as the individual 

 sprouts cannot develop independent root systems and, if 

 allowed to reach large size, would break off from the pollard 



Fig. 4S. 



A row of trees managed under the method of pollarding. The young shoots 

 above the pollard heads are one year old and ready to be cut. 



head often injuring the latter. From i to 15 years covers the 

 range in rotation with ages less than five most commonly 

 employed. 



Advantages and Disadvantages of the Method. — The 

 coppice method with its comparatively short rotation and 

 reproduction from sprouts stands in strong contrast to the 

 four high forest methods which depend on reproduction from 

 the seed. It is to be expected that there will be distinct 

 advantages and disadvantages applying to the coppice method 

 as compared with the high forest methods. 



Advantages. — i. Requires only a small growing stock and 

 hence a low financial investment. This is a consequence of 



