8 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 
are usually soft, white, and footless, and generally pass under 
the name of maggots. In this order we find many parasites, 
of which the fleas, sheep-tick, bat-ticks, horse-tick, forest-flies, 
bot-flies, etc., are examples. This order contains some bene- 
ficial and very many injurious insects. 
* TIE. Lepidoptera (scaly wings). This order includes the 
butterflies, moths, millers, army worm (figure 11), canker- 
worms, cut-worms, silk-worms, ete. Fig. 11. 
The wings are four in number, usually 
broad, and covered with minute scales, 
looking somewhat like beautiful feath- 
ers under the microscope, but appear- 
ing like fine dust to the naked eye. 
The mandibles are nearly abortive, but 
the maxille are usually very long, slen- 
‘der, and hollowed out on the inside, so that when fitted to- 
gether they form a long hollow tube or proboscis, through 
which they suck up their liquid food. The proboscis can be 
rolled np beneath the head when not in use. The larve 
mostly feed upon plants, and are generally known as cater- 
pillars. They are often bright colored, sometimes hairy, and 
usually have, in addition to three pair of small true legs, two 
or more pairs of fleshy legs under the abdomen. Most of the 
insects of this order are injurious to vegetation. 
IV. Coleoptera (shield-wings). Insects of this order are 
known as beetles, weevils, ete. The front wings are thick- 
ened and stiff, not used in flight, but serve to protect the 
hinder wings, which are larger and thin, and can be folded up 
aud tucked away under them. The mandibles and maxilla ° 
are both used as jaws for biting and chewing. The larve 
have usually three pair of legs, and many are well known as 
grubs and borers in wood. The apple-tree borer (figure 12), 
isan example. This great order includes many beneficial 
carnivorous insects, as well as many that are injurious to 
vegetation. ; 
V. Hemiptera C(half-wings). This order embraces those 
Figure 11.—Southern Army-worm (Leucania) imago; and larva, a, natural 
size. From Packard’s Guide, after Glover. 
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