74 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 
To prevent measles in hogs they should not be allowed to have 
access to human excrement, the reverse of which is too often 
specially provided for by farmers. To avoid the same para- 
sites in our own flesh we must take care to have all fruit and 
other uncooked vegetable food well washed and our drinking 
water pure. 
The Beef Tape-worm of Man ( Tenia mediocanellata Kuch.) ; 
and its young’, the “ measles” of veal and beef. 
This is a very large species, which was formerly generally 
known as the unarmed variety of the human tape-worm. It 
‘is known to occur among all beef-eating people, and is the 
common species in Africa, Western Asia, and several European 
countries, especially in Austria, Turkey, and certain parts of 
Russia. 
It haslong been known that Jews, Mohammedans, and other 
people who never eat pork, are nevertheless liable to be in- 
fested by tape-worms. It was also observed, many years ago, 
that infants fed upon dried beef—a custom much practised at 
St. Petersburg—were liable to have the same parasites ; and 
these facts were formerly brought forward as arguments 
against the doctrine that the common tape-worm is derived 
from eating the larval form contained in measly pork. But 
it was soon discovered that nearly all the tape-worms obtained 
from patients in Mohammedan countries, as well as in Austria, 
and some other parts of Europe where pork is little used, were 
destitute of the two circles of peculiar hooks around the cen- 
tral, proboscis-like prominence of the head, as well as the 
prominence itself, which are very conspicuous features in the 
common tape-worm of pork-eating people. Owing to these 
peculiarities, naturalists began to consider the two forms 
either as different varieties or different species. The source 
of the unarmed tape-worm remained uncertain, however, until 
direct experiments were undertaken by Leuckart, Mosler, and 
others to settle this question. Thus it was discovered that 
when the joints or eggs of the unarmed tape-worm ( Tenia 
mediocanellata) were given to calves, the eggs hatched in the 
stomach, and the young embryos worked their way, by means 
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