190 MIMICEY IN N. AMEKIOAN BUTTERFLIES 



hypothesis at once explains relationships that are 

 mere coincidences under that of Bates. 



Pharm. philenor, a probable intruder from the 

 American tropics, produced its effect upon the 

 three large Papilios — butterflies with a conspicuous 

 under surface pattern, in large part reproducing 

 that of the upper surface, butterflies belonging to 

 a section that provides models for extensive 

 Mimicry in the Oriental Kegion, They may be 

 regarded as Mullerian Mimics of the primary 

 Pharmacophagus model, exhibiting a certain 

 amount of Secondary Mimicry of one another. 



The four above-named Papilionidae, but 

 especially the three mimics acting as secondary 

 models, then produced an effect upon L, arthemis — 

 that same conspicuous, specially defended element 

 in the North American butterfly fauna which was 

 influenced in an entirely different direction by 

 the Danaine invaders. The result of the former 

 influence is seen in L. astyanax, a secondary 

 mimic of the three Pqpilio mimics of philenor. 



One of the most interesting elements in this 

 complex mimetic system is the final appearance 

 of a tertiary mimic of astyanax, viz. the female of 

 Argynnis diana. This was recognized by Scudder, 

 although, not fully appreciating the Mullerian 

 hypothesis, he was much puzzled by the fact.^ 



The under surface of the female diana is incon- 

 spicuous, and, considering also the restricted 



* I.e., 718, 1802: see, however, 266, where Scudder suggests that 

 astyanax may possibly be specially protected. 



