MIMICRY OF MIMICS 191 



range and relative rarity of the species, it is 

 probable that this member of the assemblage of 

 species convergent round philenor is a Batesian 

 mimic. But its resemblance to astyanax supports 

 the conclusion that this latter and the sister- 

 species archippus (and its forms) are Mullerian 

 mimics and the parent arthemis a specially 

 protected species. The resemblance of astyanax 

 to the three species of the section Papilio, as well 

 as the secondary resemblances betw^een the three, 

 similarly supports the conclusion that these mimics 

 are Mullerian. 



I have not hitherto called attention to the 

 paramount need for experimental research and 

 field observations directed to test for the presence 

 of distasteful qualities and to estimate their effect 

 upon enemies of the most varied kinds. It is of 

 the utmost importance that such investigations 

 should be undertaken on the largest possible 

 scale. In the meantime the Mullerian Hypothesis 

 appears to explain a series of remarkable relation- 

 ships which remain coincidences under any other 

 hypothesis. 



THE RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN LIMENITIS 

 (ADELPHA) CALIFORNICA (BUTL.) AND LIME- 

 NITIS (NAJAS) LORQUINI (BOISD.) 



The examples of Mimicry which we have 

 been considering hitherto are, with the exception 

 of the widespread L. archippus, characteristic of 

 the eastern side of North America. The present 



