DISEASES AND ENEMIES OF BEES. 217% 
they may discharge their feces. The wise bee-keeper 
will observe suitable precautions, and prevent the appear- 
ance of this evil. 
FOUL BROOD. 
During a large portion of Mr. Quinby’s bee-keeping ex- 
perience, the evil of foul brood held so decided a foothold 
among the apiaries of American bee-keepers, that his time 
and attention were, for many years, greatly engrossed by 
its investigation. He was among the very first to become 
familiar with its appearance, his first observations being 
made as early as 1835. In the first editions of this work, 
he gave a minute account of his investigations into the 
cause or causes of the malady, and search for a prevent- 
ive; and, although he never satisfied himself as to the 
cause, his persevering efforts in seeking remedies were re- 
warded with admirable success. In later years, and par- 
ticularly since the introduction of Italian stock into this 
country, the disease has abated so materially as to be of 
minor importance. Our last experience with it was in 
1870, and its final disappearance was somewhat remark- 
able, inasmuch as it seemed to vanish without any special 
effort on our part for its extinction. Several stocks that 
were somewhat infected, were marked to identify them, 
and placed in winter quarters, with the design of breaking 
them up in the spring ; but when removed from the cel- 
lar all traces of the disease had vanished, and the stocks 
remained healthy thereafter. I have seen but one case 
of foul brood since, and that a mild one. 
INDICATIONS OF FOUL BROOD. 
The cappings of the infected cells are somewhat sunken, 
with a small hole in the center. The disease only affects 
the immature brood before it reaches the chrysalis state. 
By an examination of the brood-cells it is easy to ascer- 
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