200 



VERTEBRATE ANIMALS. 



which are usually free and movable upon one another, and 

 which constitute the caudal region, or the region of the tail ((). 

 The nature of the bones which enter into the composition 

 of the limbs varies somewhat in different Vertebrates in ac- 

 cordance with their mode of life ; but in all the higher mem- 

 bers of the sub-kingdom the limbs are built upon a general 



FiQ. 96. — Fore-limb of the Chimpanzee, c Collar- 

 bone, or clavicle ; s Shoulder-blade, or scapu- 

 la; b Bone of the upper arm, or humerus ; r 

 Kadius ;MUlna;dBonesof the wrist, or car- 

 pus ; m Bones of the root of the hand, or me- 

 tacarpus ; p Bones of the digits, or phalanges. 



Fig. 97. — Hind-limb of the Chimpan- 

 zee, i Innominate bone ; / Tlugh- 

 bone, or femur ; t Tibia ; s FibiUa ; 

 r Bones of the ankle, or tarsus ; m 

 Metatarsus ; p Phalanges. 



and easily-recognizable type. The fore-limb consists generally 

 of the following parts : 1. A series of bones uniting the limb 

 to the trunk, the two most important being the shoulder 

 blade {scapula) and the collar-bone {clavicle) (Fig. 96, s and c). 

 2. The bone which forms the upper portion of the limb proper, 

 and which is known as the humerus {b). 3. Two bones which 

 form the lower portion of the limb (e. g., the forearm in man), 



