THE CONDENSED MILK AND MILK POWDER 
INDUSTRIES.* 
1. Origin and Expansion of the Industries. 
The manufacture of condensed milks and milk powders is 
a decidedly modern development. These products were un- 
known seventy years ago, and it is only during the last twenty 
or thirty years that they have become staple articles of food, 
familiar to nearly every household in civilized countries. Both 
industries have to-day reached large proportions and are still 
expanding rapidly in important dairy districts, especially in 
Canada and the United States. In many sections they are on 
the way to replace the manufacture of cheese and butter to a 
large extent. Out of small beginnings have grown powerful 
national and international companies, now commanding hun- 
dreds of millions of capital, operating large numbers of fac- 
tories and maintaining trade relations all over the world. 
Practices and methods of turning fresh milk or its main 
food components into more concentrated, durable and trans- 
portable forms are almost as old as the practice of keeping 
domesticated animals, and the use of their milk as human food 
itself. Cheese, butter, milk-sugar, fermented milks such as 
kumis, yoghurt, kephir, ete., were known in many varieties to 
*The present article makes no pretension to exhaustive treatment. It 
is merely an outline and review of the main features of these industries, 
particularly in regard to their recent development, their increasing rela- 
tive importance in the dairy industry and food production, and their 
probable future outlook. It is based on the writer’s own former experi- 
ence in condensed milk manufacture, as well as on his general knowledge 
and study of dairy conditions both in Europe and in America. Some of the 
statements and data are taken from O. F. Hunziker: Condensed Milk 
and Milk Powders, LaGrange, Illinois (1918), and William A. Stocking: 
Manual of Milk Products, New York: Macmillan Co. Official’ reports 
and statistics of Canada and the United States and current articles have 
been consulted as far as available and used as far as space permitted. 
: The writer wishes to express his thanks to Dr. J. K. Doherty, Cana- 
dian Commissioner at Ottawa for the International Institute of Agricul- 
ture, for the loans of reports, and for the very generous help rendered 
by tracing references to these industries in agricultural and dairy peri- 
odicals and governmental and institutional reports, as well as to other 
informants who have kindly responded to his inquiries. 
