6 
still holds the field as the most important dairy branch. The 
cheese export before the war represented a value of from 50 
to 60 million francs annually; in addition it enjoys a large 
home consumption. With the steady increase of the urban 
population a larger proportion of the total milk production 
(now over 50%) is absorbed by the fresh milk consumption. 
In other countries of Europe the condensed milk business 
was slower to develop to any prominence. Holland and Den- 
mark are distinctively dairy countries, but peculiar conditions 
prevented the newcomer from taking a solid hold. Dutch 
‘dairying was developed largely in the making of butter and 
of the Edam and Gouda cheese, which enjoyed a long estab-- 
lished reputation. There are, however, now a number of fac- 
tories, some of which, in conection with large central cream- 
eries and butter plants, have been making chiefly condensed 
skim-milk. This was either sold in bulk or put up in indi- 
vidual “penny tins,” which among laborers in England have 
been familiar for some years. New York market reports also 
show that after 1913 (when the United States removed the 
former duty of 2 cents per pound or $1.00 per case), an in- 
creasing: amount of condensed milk was imported from Hol- 
land. The conditions in Denmark are rather unique. The 
dairy industry there has developed, and is based on an inten- 
sive tripartite combination of “butter, hams and eggs.”” The 
prosperity of agriculture as a whole with its advanced co- 
operative organization being nicely balanced on this interde- 
pendence of buttermaking, hog and poultry-raising, the con- 
densing or milk powder industries would introduce a disturb- 
ing element of far-reaching consequences. Norway has had 
a few factories for some years and Sweden, which has lately 
come into the field, would seem to have favorable conditions 
for a considerable expansion of the milk condensing and dry- 
ing industries. Germany, Austria, France and Italy have each 
a few condensed milk or milk powder plants, and may increase 
the number when once normal conditions return, especially as 
the products have become more familiar to the consumers dur- 
ing and since the war. In certain parts of Russia the industry 
has made a start. A recent notice in the press, containing a 
list of machinery and implements required from America by 
the Ukrainian co-operative societies, mentioned among others 
“milk eondensing machinery.” There are factories in England 
