24 
nized. Most condensed milk firms formerly were averse. to 
having separators in their factories and to putting out any- 
thing but condensed milks. Of late, however, there is a tend- 
ency to combine the business to a greater or less extent with 
the fresh milk and cream supply of cities, or to instal butter 
plants in connection with their factories. In this way milk 
not qualified for condensing but yet perfectly good for butter- 
making can be used up and losses prevented, and the large 
fluctuations in the condensed milk market offset to a great 
extent. ; 
The nature of the development and of the technical char-: 
acteristics of the processes condition other general features’ 
of these industries which must here be noted. 
1. Condensed milk and milk powder factories should be 
established only in districts where dairying has already reach- 
ec a high degree of development. Only the best produced and 
cared for milk will assure success. 
2. Sufficient quantities of milk should be produced within . 
a comparatively small‘ circuit so as to assure daily delivery 
during the morning hours. The shorter the distances the milk 
has to travel, the better. About two thousand cows within a 
radius of five or at most ten miles from the factory should be- 
the minimum for a condensary supply. Where gathering sta- 
tions with good cooling facilities are established and where 
the mi! can be transported by motor trucks on good roads, by 
boats or railway, the circuit can be extended to twenty or 
thirty miles, but in any case the milk of an evening’s and a 
morning’s milking should reach the factory before the next 
noon, within the same day. The daily supply should be 50,000 
pounds or more, and should never drop below 20,000 pounds. . 
3. Factories must not be started on too small a scale. The 
apparatus and equipment are of a highly specialized and ex- 
pensive nature. Factory buildings must be substantial. In 
them and their surroundings cleanliness, sanitation and thor- 
ough drainage must be maintained, and full consideration 
should be given this when choosing a location. Every plant: 
must have access to one or more railway lines. A plentiful 
supply »f good cold water is important. In a condensing plant 
it takes at least three gallons of water to condense one pound 
of fresh milk. In addition water must be present ad libitum 
in all parts of the factory for cooling purposes, and for wash- 
