26 
tions. This necessitates the establishment of advertising and 
commercial agencies in widely separated centres. For the 
same reason large concerns tend~ to distribute their plants 
over different sections of a country, of a continent or even of 
the world. Hardly any other industry shows this characteris- 
tic to such a degree. 
Twe consequences plainly follow from these considera- 
tions. In the first place large concerns with many factories 
and with adequate capital at their disposal have an _ over- 
whelming advantage over small individual ventures. In the 
second place all these conditions favor a certain tendency to- 
wards combination. As indicated above, in reference to indi- 
vidual factories or concentration in localities, the large scale 
production has its limits in technical exigencies, especially as 
regards the fresh milk supply. But on the marketing side, if 
many factories can be brought under one general management, 
there is hardly any limit. The larger portion of the condensed. 
milk business of all countries is in the hands of a compara- 
ively very small number of firms. Their products enjoy on 
the market a monopoly position sometimes out of proportion to 
the quality of the goods compared with those of minor estab- 
lishments. When once the nature of the products is more 
genera!!y understood by the public this feature will no doubt 
“be lessened to some extent. 
It may be well to summarize here the main causes of the 
failures of new concerns, particularly in Canada and the 
United States. 
1. Not sufficient attention paid to the necessity of first. 
class frech milk. 
2. Lack of capital to establish a market for new brands 
of goods. 
3. Inadequate knowledge of the essentials and details of 
the processes. 
4. Promoting schemes. Small companies were promoted 
among inexperienced farmers or local business people by some 
firms that sold condensing apparatus or that pretended to 
specialize in setting up condensing plants. These promoters 
would set up a building of very inadequate construction and 
arrangement and install the apparatus in it, at a total cost of 
only a portion of the money subscribed in shares. The pro- 
moters would promise to teach the people the process and 
