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by: Ar 
son 
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STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 
saw-edged, as in the Rose (31); pectinate, or comb-like, an expression sometimes used 
where the edges are a deeply-cut dentate; dentate, or toothed, as in the common Hoar- 
hound (32); zzczsed, or cut, also called daciniate, when slashed or cut more irregular than 
in the dentate, as in the Fennel; wzdulate, or wavy, as in the Beech; szzuate, or 
sinuous, that is, of larger scope than the wavy, but of the same general outline, as in 
the White-oak; Zobed, when cut in sections, with the incisions reaching about halfway to the 
midrib, and these may be two-lobed, three-lobed, etc., according to their number, as 
already described; cleft, when cut still more deeply, half way down or more toward the 
midrib—the Latin equivalent jd, as a suffix, from jizdo, I cleave, with a qualifying 
prefix, is very much used in this connection, as pinnatifid, multifid, bifid, etc., denoting 
respectively cleft like a feather, many-cleft, two-cleft, etc. — parted, when almost reach- 
ing the midrib;, and dzvided, or bisected, trisected, etc., when incised quite to the midrib, 
In addition to the foregoing divisions, leaves are distinguished, as to form or general 
shape, by epithets that are sufficiently clear in themselves, or may be readily comprehended 
by reference to the engraving on page 328, viz.: Zizear,as in grass; oblong, as in the 
Chickweed (33); Zacrizke, as in the Schizanthus (34); strap-shafed, as in the Heath (35); 
elliptical, as in the Rose (31); oval, or egg-shaped, as in the Apple (36); obovate, or 
inversely oval, as in the Juneberry (37); rounded, as in the Round-leaved Violet (38); 
heart-shaped, as in the Dog Violet (39); zzversely heart-shaped, as in the Clover (18); 
kidney-shaped, as in the common Water-cress (40); arrow-shaped, as in the Sagittaria 
(41); angular, as in the Hypatica (42); and sword-shaped, as in the Gladiolus (43). 
Stipules are two winglike appendages that are often found at the base of the leaf- 
stalk (united with or distinct therefrom), sometimes odlozg, as in the Evening Primrose, 
and at others arrow-shaped, as in the Rose (44). 
Bracts.—These are the small leaves that are sometimes found immediately below the 
flower-cluster, on its stalk or peduncle, as in the Pentstemon (45, 46), generally green, 
but occasionally picturesquely colored, as in the Poinsettia. When they appear on 
the pedicel, they are called dracteoles, as in the Cardamine (47); and when these grow in 
a circle, or whorl, they are called an zzvolucre, as in the Thistle (48). 
Buds are the germs of the branches, as the seed is of the whole plant, and sprout from 
the stem as this does from the root; hence the branches might be regarded as secondary 
stems, or even as individual plants springing from the buds. These buds are called ¢erm- 
znal when they appear at the end of the stem, and /ateral when they appear at the sides; 
the most important of the lateral are the ax/Z/ary already mentioned —the others being 
accessory or supernumerary when two or more supplement the axillary, and adventi- 
tious when they appear elsewhere than at the axils. 
Estivation, or prefloration, is the arrangement of the partyof the future flower in 
the bud before blooming; and is called ofez, when the calyx and corolla are not closed 
over the other parts of the flower; valvate, when the several parts meet each other exactly 
by the edges without overlapping; zzdufp/licate, if the edges are turned in; redupiicate, if 
turned out; contorted, when the edges are twisted; zmdbricated, when they overlap; guzn- 
cunxial, if two parts are inside, two outside and one intermediate; vexzd/ary, if one petal 
inwraps the other parts; péécafe, if the tubular corolla or calyx is folded lengthwise; and 
supervolute, if the folds are wrapped around each other in one direction. 
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