164 



POPULAR FLORA. 



1. Leaves in whorls. Ovary 2-oelled, separating in the ripe fruit into two closed and one-seeded pieces: 



teeth or limb of the calyx small or hardly to be discerned. 



Stamens 5 and the corolla 5-parted. Fruit berry-like when ripe, (Riibia) *Maddee. 



Stamens and divisions of the wheel-shaped corolla 4, rarely 3. Fruit a pair of dry or 



fleshy akenes, smooth in some species, in others rough, in others beset with 



hooked prickles, making little burs, , ( Galium) Bedsteaw. 



2. Leaves opposite, and with stipules, either as little scales or forming a small sheath. 



Shrub: flowers (white) many in a close round head (Fig. 145), ( Cephaldnihus) Buttoneush. 



Small herbs. (Corolla 4-lobed.) 



Flowers twin, on one ovary, which makes a double-eyed red berry. Small creeping 



evergreen, with round leaves. Corolla bearded inside. {Mitchella) Fakteidge-beeey. 

 Flowers separate, peduncled. Fruit a dry pod. Stems erect. ( Oldenldndia, § Houslimia) Bluets. 



.\ 



48. VALERIAN" FAMILY. Order VALERIANACEiE. 

 Herbs, with strong-scented roots, opposite leaves, and no stipules, a 5-lobed monopetalous 

 corolla bearing only 2 or 3 stamens, and borne on the ovary, which makes a small one- 

 seeded dry fruit. Flowers small, in cymes or clustei's, white or purplish. 

 Limb of the calyx crowning the fruit in the form of feathery bristles, ( Valeriana) *Valerian. 



Limb of the calyx only one or more blunt teeth, (Fedia) Lamb-Lettuce. 



49. TEASEL FAMILY. Order DIPSACEJE. 



Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and perfect flowers in dense heads, surrounded 

 by an involucre, and with a chaffy bract under each blossom. Corolla tubular or funnel- 

 form, with 4 or 5 lobes, bearing 4 stamens, and itself borne on the ovary, which becomes an 

 akene in fruit, containing one hanging seed. 



Flowers in a rough-chaffy head : calyx cup-shaped, short: lobes of the corolla 4. Stem 



and leaves rough or prickly, ( Dipsacus) Teasel. 



Flowers larger than the chaff: calyx with long-awned or bristle-shaped lobes : lobes of the 



corolla 4 or 5, unequal, {Scabiosa) *ScABi0U3. 



50. COMPOSITE or SUNFLOWEB FAMILY. Order COMPOSIT.ai;. 



Known 



by having what were called compound flowers, whiqh are really a number of 

 flowers closely crowded into a head, and this surrounded by an in- 

 volucre which was taken for a calyx. The Scabious has its flowers 

 in such heads. But the distinguishing mark of the present family 

 is that its five stamens are united by their anthers, or syngene- 

 sious. Fig. 400 shows the stamens, their anthers connected into 

 a tube, through which the style passes. Fig. 401 shows this tube 

 split down on one side and spread open flat. What gives the 

 whole head so much the appearance of one large blossom is, that, 



