52 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS 



Subcutaneous injections of atropin temporarily allay the 

 symptoms. Treating the attending bronchial catarrh is 

 helpful (see this). In "heavy" horses avoid using arecalin, 

 eserin, or barium chlorid. 



ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA. 



Definition. — ^Rupture of the alveoli with the entrance of 

 air into the interstitial tissue of the lung, bubbles appearing 

 beneath the pleura. 



Occurrence. — Has been noted in horse and ox. 



Etiology. — ^Anything which greatly increases air pressure 

 'in the alveoli. Violent coughing fits to dislodge foreign 

 bodies, medicine, etc., which have gotten into the bronchi. 

 It rarely accompanies acute catarrhal and croupous bron- 

 chitis. Violent contractions of the abdominal muscles (hard 

 pulling, retching, continued bellowing in cattle). Violent 

 struggles to get free from hobbles, or if a horse is cast in 

 the stall and makes vigorous efforts to free itself. 



Symptoms. — Sudden dyspnea which may rapidly lead to 

 suilocation. Emphysema of the skin (in ox) of the aperture 

 of the chest, shoulders, and side of thorax. It may involve 

 the whole trunk. Percussion is practically normal. On 

 auscultation crackling sounds, rales. 



Course. — Usually fatal in twenty-four to thirty-six hours. 

 Healing only in less acute cases. 



Diagnosis. — ^Unless subcutaneous emphysema develop, may 

 be impossible. Can easily be confused with pulmonary con- 

 gestion and edema. The history is helpful. / 



Treatment. — Allay cough. Scarify skin. 



INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 



Pneumonia. Pneumonitis. 

 The following clinical forms of pneumonia may be distin- 

 guished:- 



Fibrinous. 

 Catarrhal. 

 Foreign body. 

 Metastatic. 

 Interstitial. 



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