ANIMAL PARASITES IN THE INTESTINES 157 



toms of chronic intestinal catarrh, obstruction of the bowel 

 or more rarely hemorrhagic enteritis. A few exceptional 

 cases of bowel perforation with fatal peritonitis have been 

 due to roxmd worms. At times they may block up the bile 

 ducts and produce icterus. Besides acting in a mechanical 

 way it is very possible that round worms eliminate a toxic 

 substance which acts upon the nervous system, producing 

 symptoms of epilepsy, tetanus or paralysis (anaphylaxis). 

 In calves an enzootic ascariasis has been observed leading 

 to considerable losses from symptoms of chronic intestinal 

 catarrh (diarrhea). Peculiar to these cases is a penetrating 

 ether-like odor of the breath of the sick patient. The meat 

 has also a similar smell. 



Treatment. — In the horse tartar emetic (Bss) may be given 

 or Fowler's solution of arsenic (§j), or arsenic (grs. xv to 

 xxx). Turpentine (gij) in oil (Oj), and disulphid of carbon 

 (§ij in oil Oj) are also recommended. 



Calves may be given tartar emetic (grs. xiv) dissolved 

 in water (gv), one tablespoonful every three hours in milk. 

 For swine arecanut (3 j-iv) with flour as an electuary is good. 



Prophylaxis. — ^To prevent reinfestation it is recommended 

 to burn the manure of the affected and thoroughly disinfect 

 the stable. 



Palisade Worms in the Intestine. — Following are impor- 

 tant worms of this group : 



Horse: Strongylus armatus and Str. tetracanthus. 

 Sheep: Strongylus contortus. 

 Ox: Strongylus convolutus. 



Strongylus Armatus {Sclerostomum Eqvinum). — Strongylus 

 armatus is the most common of the palisade worms of the 

 horse. Its life cycle is not entirely understood. Three 

 varieties have been described: (a) Sclerostomum biden- 

 tatum, (&) Sclerostomum edentatum, and (c) Sclerostomum 

 quadridentatum. 



Sclerostomum Bidentatum. — Sclerostomum bidentatum is 

 the cause of the common worm aneurysm found in 90 

 per cent, of all horses in the trunk of the anterior mesen- 

 teric artery. The mature worm lives in the large intestines 

 of the horse. The eggs are voided with the feces where 



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