INFLUENZA OF THE HORSE 351 



lung and chest wall (adhesive pleuritis) is a common finding. 

 Empyema of the thorax may be present. 



In the gastro-intestinal tract appear evidence of catarrh 

 and, especially in the small intestines and cecum, inflamma- 

 tory thickenings and ulcerations. 



Symptoms. — Infectious pneumonia of the horse is charac- 

 terized by pneumonia and pleuritis. The pneumonia may 

 assume either the lobar (benign) or lobular (malignant) type. 

 (For details refer to the chapter on Pneumonias of the Horse.) 



Complications. — ^The most dangerous complications are: 

 (a) Parenchymatous degeneration of the heart characterized 

 by tumultuous heart beat and a rapid, arrhythmic, weak 

 pulse, {b) Nephritis distinguished by scantiness of urine 

 (anuria) and albuminuria, (c) Septicemia, usually following 

 pulmonary gangrene, and recognized by continued high fever, 

 chills, rapid, irregular and weak pulse, and exhaustive diar- 

 rhea, (d) Paraplegia is rarely noted, but is usually a fatal 

 complication, (e) Paralysis of peripheral nerves (facial, 

 recurrent) which may persist for several weeks. (/) Swellings 

 of the limbs and pendent parts of the body, seen especially 

 in the latter stages, are troublesome, {g) Tendinitis and 

 tendovaginitis, (h) Founder, (i) Abortion, (j) Decubitus. 



Diagnosis.- — Usually not difiicult. Infectious pneumonia 

 cannot be differentiated from sporadic lobar pneumonias if 

 such occur in the horse. Every case of lobar pneumonia, 

 therefore, should be isolated. Obviously this does not apply 

 to all lobular pneumonias, especially foreign body, medicinal, 

 or hypostatic. 



Course. — ^When the pneumonia assumes the lobar type with 

 mild pleuritis the course is about two weeks. If, however, 

 the lobular form of pneumonia with pronounced bilateral 

 pleuritis is present, the course is prolonged for weeks, with 

 remissions and exacerbations, either ending finally in death 

 or leaving the patient permanently wind-broken (pleural 

 adhesions; roaring). (See Lobular Pneumonia.) 



Prognosis.^ — ^The mortality is 1 to 4 per cent. The following 

 factors are important in the prognosis; they are all grave 

 symptoms : (a) Heart paralysis (rapid, empty pulse, venous 

 pulse) ; (b) extent of pneumonia and pleuritis (bilateral with 



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