GLANDERS— MALLEUS 463 



many animals may be injected with merely a halter on, others 

 must be restrained with a twitch and very obstinate animals 

 placed in stocks. 



Reactions. — ^A small, "puffy," non-sensitive swelling is 

 seen in practically all animals in from two to three hours after 

 injecting. It may remain in a few cases for twenty-fom- 

 hours or rarely for forty-eight hours. This swelling should 

 not be confused with a typical swelling of a positive reaction. 



(a) A positive reaction will be indicated at forty to forty- 

 eight hours by a marked Swelling and edematous infiltration 

 of the skin and subcutis, both upper and lower lids usually 

 being involved and nearly or completely closing the eye. In 

 some animals the edema will extend downward along the side 

 of the face. The swelling is usually hot, sensitive and pits 

 readily on pressure. In some cases, in addition to the swell- 

 ing, lacrimation, photophobia and purulent conjunctivitis 

 occxu-. All typical swellings in positive reactions will remain 

 for from three to four days, disappearing gradually until 

 the eye presents a normal appearance. Some infected 

 animals will show a decided reaction at the tenth or twelfth 

 hour which will increase until it reaches its maximum at the 

 thirty-sixth to forty-eighth hour. Other reactions appear 

 slowly. 



(b) Doubtful Reactions. — ^A few animals may show at the 

 time of reading a slight edematous swelling of the lid. These 

 cases should be considered doubtful and retested immediately 

 in the other eye and checked by means of the complement- 

 fixation or other tests. 



Reading the Test. — ^The test should be read for all animals 

 within a period of from forty to forty-eight hours after 

 injection. All animals showing no reaction at this period 

 should be considered free from glanders. All doubtful cases 

 should be removed, carefully observed and examined at least 

 three times during the next twenty-four hours. Animals 

 showing a positive reaction should be considered glanderous 

 and destroyed. 



2. The ophthalmic method of using mallein is quite simple. 

 It consists in dropping into one of the eyes of the animal to 

 be tested 3 to 5 drops of concentrated mallein; or the mallein 



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