186 THE BREEDS OF LIVE-STOCK 
with great power and bone, and stand sixteen to seventeen 
hands high.” 
Kentucky and Tennessee have been noted from early 
days as mule-breeding centers. Many noted jacks have 
gone to these states, both native and those representing 
the best of the Andalusian, Catalonian, Majorcan and 
the Maltese types. During recent years, it has been 
learned that while soil and climate may influence quality 
in the individual, care in the selection of feeds and in the 
breeding types is also a requisite of successful mule 
production. Consequently, Texas, Georgia, Missouri, 
Kansas and Oklahoma, as well as many other states, are 
vying with Kentucky and Tennessee in producing mules 
of high quality that find favor in all parts of the world. 
220. Mule production. — Up to the time of the Civil 
War, but two breeds of jacks were used, the Maltese 
and the Spanish. The Andalusian and Catalonian from 
the mainland, and the Majorcan, from the island of 
Majorca, were formerly known as Spanish. So great has 
been the demand for jacks of Malta that practically all have 
been exported, and now but few are left on the island. 
The jacks of Italy have not been successful as mule- 
producers in this country, and consequently have entered 
but slightly into the mule stock here. At the present time, 
there are three noted breeds of jacks: the native, the Poitou 
and the Catalonian. In regard to favor and importance, 
perhaps, these breeds should be ranked as mentioned here. 
Many of our noted mule-breeders prefer native jacks to 
those of foreign breeds. The native jack produces a high 
finish, a good form, strong legs, broad hocks, and is already 
peculiarly adapted to our environments. Besides these 
qualities, he extends to his progeny immunity to diseases 
to an unusual degree, and an exceptionally long life. 
