THE BEEF BREEDS OF CATTLE 221 
Durhams originated by the attempts on the part of a 
number of breeders, working, at first independently for 
the most part, to develop a race of hornless cattle with 
the characteristics of the Shorthorn breed. This was 
accomplished by the use of Shorthorn bulls on the native 
muley cows. 
254. Distribution. — Herds of Polled Durhams are 
more numerous in Indiana, Iowa, Ohio and_ Illinois 
than in other states, although they are being introduced 
rather extensively into other sections of the country, 
notably in North Dakota, Kansas, Kentucky, Wisconsin, 
Texas and Nebraska. Several have been shipped to 
Argentina, in South America. 
255. Organizations and records.— The American 
Polled Durham Breeders’ Association, which has for its 
object the furthering of the interests of the breed, and the 
recording of animals eligible to its herd-book, was organized 
in Chicago, November 13, 1889, and was chartered Novem- 
ber 2, 1890. Six volumes of the American Polled Durham 
Herd-book have been published, the first having appeared 
in 1894; over 27,000 animals have been registered. ‘‘ Ani- 
mals to be eligible to entry in the American Polled Durham 
Herd-book must be at least six months old; must be 
naturally hornless; must have both parents recorded 
therein or have one parent recorded in the book and the 
other parent recorded in the American Short-horn Herd- 
book; and further, must have all ancestry that are eligible 
recorded in the American Polled Durham Herd-book.”’ 
Tnterature. — A. H. Sanders, Shorthorn Cattle, Sanders Pub- 
lishing Company, Chicago; Lewis F. Allen, History of Shorthorn 
Cattle; C. J. Bates, Thomas Bates and the Kirklevington Short- 
horns, London (1897); W. H. Beaver, An Arithmetical Arrange- 
ment of the Leading Shorthorn Tribes; Thomas Bell, History of 
