THE BEEF BREEDS OF CATTLE 249 
breeds. In this day when practically all feeding cattle 
are dehorned, the naturally polled cattle have a decided 
advantage over their horned rivals, as the dehorning 
process is many times dangerous and occasionally fatal, 
and in every instance it causes a temporary shrinkage in 
weight and tardiness in growth of animals. 
For crossing with other breeds, especially with the 
Shorthorns, they are very valuable. The outcome of 
the cross of Shorthorn bulls on Galloway cows are usually 
known as “ blue-grays.”” This system of crossing has 
been practiced for many years in Great Britain and to 
some extent in this country, and the results have been 
very satisfactory. The Shorthorn furnishes plenty of 
size, while the Galloway forms the low type and large 
proportion of natural flesh, qualities which up-to-date 
feeders and butchers are constantly demanding. When a 
pure-bred animal is crossed on any grade beef or dairy 
cow, the results are surprising and the offspring is in- 
variably hornless, black in color and uniform in make-up. 
Galloway bulls are used very freely in the dairy districts 
of Great Britain, and the black calves sell at much better 
prices than those from bulls of the dairy breeds. 
283. Distribution. — Galloways are found mainly in 
Scotland, Canada and the United States, but in smaller 
numbers are distributed also in England, Ireland, Russia, 
South Africa, Argentina, Mexico and Alaska. Recently 
the United States Government has introduced them into 
the Philippine Islands, where they are making a very 
satisfactory cross with the native cattle. 
284. Organizations and records. — Galloway Cattle 
Society of Great Britain and Ireland; secretary, Francis 
N. M. Gourlay, Milnton, Tynron, Thornhill, Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland. The Galloway Herd-book is the official 
