THE DAIRY BREEDS OF CATTLE 281 
sity for it was suggested to him by the fact that many 
cattle of doubtful merit and unknown breeding were being 
entered in the Holstein herd-book. There was need of 
recognized intrinsic standards of merit to serve as guides 
in breeding and selection. Accordingly, he induced the 
Dutch-Friesian Association to maintain an Advanced Regis- 
ter, in which cattle should be entered only in case of special 
merit, determined for bulls by means of an official scale 
of points, and in the case of cows by an additional scale of 
productiveness. While there was much early opposition 
to the Advanced Register, it has abundantly demonstrated 
its value. Since about 1894, it has been recognized as 
the chief means for the advancement of the interests of 
the Association and of its members, and its essential prin- 
ciples have been adopted by other breeders’ organizations 
both in America and Europe. It is to be regretted that 
descriptions and measurements in the practical operation 
of the system have been abandoned. It is also unfor- 
tunate that the Association, while admitting cows to the 
advanced registry only on the basis of the yield of butter- 
fat, tacitly sanctions the use of too low a factor for the 
conversion of butter-fat into butter records. The factor 
80 per cent, generally used, cannot be too severely con- 
demned, since repeated demonstrations show that good 
marketable butter requires the presence in the milk of at 
least 85.7 per cent of its weight of butter-fat. 
315. Description. — In color, the Holstein-Friesian is 
invariably black and white. It is specially characterized 
by great constitutional vigor, flexibility, thrift and enor- 
mous production of milk of comparatively low percentage 
of butter-fat. At the present time, 1915, as a result of 
mutation, many cows are producing milk through whole 
lactation periods in quality exceeding 3.75 per cent fat and 
