THE FAT OR LARD BREEDS OF SWINE 417 
nearly erect, although in the larger strains and in aged 
animals they frequently incline forward. They should 
be well carried. The jowl is rather heavy, and the 
neck short, usually carrying considerable crest. The 
shoulder, back and rump are of good width, although 
the back is probably not quite so broad as that of the 
Poland-China. The ham is thickly meated, and is gener- 
ally somewhat trimmer in appearance than that of the 
Poland-China. The Berkshire generally has good depth 
of body, and indications of a strong constitution. The 
bone is of excellent quality 
in the best specimens, and 
the animal usually stands 
well on its feet. The stand- 
ard color is black, with a 
white mark on the face, 
white on each foot, and 
white on the tip of the tail. 
Sometimes, some of these white markings are absent, and 
sometimes white occurs on other parts of the body, such 
as a white blotch on the jowl, on the shoulder or else- 
where. The standard of excellence prepared by the 
American Berkshire Association does not disqualify an 
animal for defective markings, but in selecting breeding- 
stock, some breeders shun animals too freely marked 
with white. 
505. Types. — The type of the Berkshires is affected by 
the methods of individual breeders, and, to some extent, 
by the market demands of the countries in which they are 
bred. In the United States there was a tendency for 
some time to breed a fine-boned, somewhat undersized 
type, emphasizing smoothness and quality rather than 
size. Fortunately, however, some of the leading American 
20 
Fia. 85. — Berkshire sow. 
