APPENDIX 197 



A typical form, Clangula clangula, breeds in northern 

 Europe and northern Asia, migrating southward to north- 

 ern Africa and southern Asia. 



Charitonetta albeola (Linn.) Buiifle-head. 



Breeding Range. — In the nesting season the buffle-head 

 is almost wholly confined to Canada, but a few breed in 

 Wisconsin (Pewaukee Lake), northern Iowa (Storm, 

 Clear and Spirit Lakes), Wyoming (Meeteetse Creek), 

 Montana (Milk River, Flathead Lake.) It is a tolerably 

 common breeder in the northern two-thirds of Ontario, 

 and undoubtedly some pairs breed in Quebec and south- 

 ern Labrador, though it is as yet unrecorded from there, 

 from the Maritime Provinces and from Newfoundland, 

 except as a rather rare visitant. In Manitoba and west- 

 ward to British Columbia it becomes more common as a 

 breeder and ranges north to Fort Churchill, Fort Rae, the 

 mouth of the Mackenzie and the upper Yukon, rarely to 

 the Yukon mouth. It has been taken as a rare straggler 

 on the west coast of Greenland (Godhaven, October; 

 Frederikshaab), and a few times in Europe. 



Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmel.) Ruddy Duck. 



Breeding Range. — The principal summer home of the 

 ruddy duck is in the upper Mississippi Valley and the 

 contiguous portions of central Canada; it is rare east of 

 the Alleghenies ; breeds regularly from Maine to northern 

 Ungava; rare visitant in Newfoundland; nesting rarely 

 south to Massachusetts (Cape Cod) and probably in 

 Rhode Island (Sakonnet) ; tolerably common in southern 

 Ontario, Michigan and Wisconsin, and probably breeds 

 casually in Ohio and Illinois. West of the Mississippi it 



