16 Roaring in Horses. 



that to get rid of it the tongue is tied down to the floor of 

 the mouth by a piece of wide tape. 



Paralysis of the wings of one or both nostrils will cause 

 noisy breathing, the noise being loudest, of course, during 

 inspiration ; the muscle which raises the false nostril at this 

 period being incapable of doing so, the part hangs pendulous 

 against the nasal opening and diminishes the volume of air 

 required. This leads to difficult and sonorous breathing. 



Thickening of the membrane lining the nasal passages, the 

 presence of fleshy or bony tumours, polypi, or diseased or frac- 

 tured nasal, frontal, ethnoid, palatine, or maxillary bones, or any 

 other obstruction, as accumulated discharges, or abscesses, 

 will give rise to noisy breathing ; the sound, however, being 

 generally as loud in expiration as in inspiration. Collections 

 of pus in the guttural pouches, which are very largely deve- 

 loped on each side of the pharynx in the horse, may hinder 

 the admission of air to the larynx, as may also tumours in 

 that organ or in its neighbourhood. Inflammation of the 

 membrane lining the larynx, and the results of that pro- 

 cess — whether specific or otherwise — frequently produce 

 thickened or stridulous breathing ; as does likewise de- 

 formity of the cartilages entering into its formation. Spasm 

 of its constrictor muscles will produce most distressing 

 breathing, accompanied by sounds more or less shrill, 

 emitted most loudly during respiration. Percivall mentions 

 bands of lymph extending across the interior of the larj'nx 

 as a cause of Bearing, but these I have never met with. 



Angina, Strangles, and inflammation of the parotid gland 

 and of the textures in proximity to the larynx, frequently 

 cause sonorous breathing, sometimes of a very distressing 

 character; as will also foreign bodies lodged in that organ or 

 in any other part of the air-conduits. External pressure on 

 these, either by harness, tumours, inflammation of the jugular 

 Vein, or any other cause, will often provoke the emission of 

 abnormal sounds ; and fracture or injury to the cartilaginous 

 rings of the trachea, or malformation of that tube, as well 



