534 BOTANY 



to eight stamens united into a tube ; gynoecium dimerous ; fruit 

 a capsule or drupe (Fig. 503). 



The Polygalaceae include herbs, shrubs, and lianes, with simple leaves ; they 

 are widely distributed over the whole globe. Their flowers in general appearance 

 somewhat resemble those of the PapiKonaceae, but the wings belong to the calyx 

 and not to the corona. The keel, however, is a petal. The anthers open by pores. 

 The various species of Milkwort {Polygala) are familiar representatives of this 

 family. 



Officinal. — The North American Seneca, Snakeroot (Polygala Senega, Fig. 

 503), supplies the officinal root Senega. 



Order 12. Terebinthinae 



Flowers as in the preceding order, but with AN INTRA-staminal 

 disc. For the most part woody plants, with ethereal oils which 

 occur in canals or cells. 



This order stands in close relation with the Gruinales, with which 

 it is now sometimes united. The fact, however, that in the majority 

 of cases members of this order exhibit special 

 characteristics which, although sometimes modi- 

 fied, are traceable throughout the varying 

 ...,., forms of the order, would seem to indicate their 



\\W$mmi // common origin. Thus the majority of the Tere- 

 binthinae are aromatic woody plants, with pinnate, 

 /"^^^y&Sffi^' persistent glabrous leaves and small or at most 



medium-sized flowers, which possess a fleshy disc 

 at the base of the ovary (Fig. 504, «), and are 

 disposed in racemose or cymose inflorescences. 

 pig. 504.— Rata gmwoiens. They are found chiefly in warm countries, grow- 

 Fiower after removal of j n g j n <j r y a nd sunny situations. 

 ^ensTe/discTFn'ec- Family Rutaeeae. — Flowers usually actino- 

 taries;d, ovary; 7s, style; morphic and four- to five-merous throughout; 

 i stigma^magnifiea)^ s t amens j n one or t wo wnor i Sj sometimes as a 



Schmidt.) result of division ; numerous. Woody plants, 



rarely herbs, usually with pinnate leaves and 

 with ethereal oil in nearly spherical intercellular cavities 

 (Figs. 504, 505). 



This large family is almost exclusively restricted to the warm zones. The members 

 of the Rutaeeae of especial value to man belong to the genus Citrus, which differs 

 in many respects from the family type. The Citrus species are small, evergreen, 

 and often spinous trees. The leaves are apparently simple, but in reality they 

 are compound leaves reduced to a single leaflet, as is evident from the presence of 

 a segmentation below the lamina, and from a comparison with allied forms. The 

 white, fragrant flowers have a gamosepalous calyx, four to eight thick petals, and 

 numerous stamens united in bundles. The fruit is a' multilocular berry with a 

 leathery outer layer full of oil-cavities. The juicy pulp consists of the enlarged, 



