PHANEROGAMIA 



587 



in the under ; it is variously coloured, but most frequently of a carmine 

 or violet colour. The androecium chiefly resembles that of the 

 Scrophulariaceae, while the gyncecium is constructed as in the Bora- 

 ginaceae, consisting of an originally bilocular ovary whose carpels 

 become deeply constricted longi- 

 tudinally and thus subdivided, 

 each into two chambers. The 

 nutlets (Fig. 577, d, e) of the 

 fruit always have a hard outer 

 wall ; they are sometimes partially 

 aborted. 



Representative Genera. — Ajuga 

 (Bugle), with short upper lip ; Teucrium 

 (Germander), upper lip deeply cleft ; 

 Stachys (Betony, Hedge - Nettle), Galc- 

 opsis (Hemp - Nettle), and Lamium 

 (Dead-Nettie), with helmet-shaped upper 

 lip ; Nepeta (Cat-Mint) and Glechoma 

 (Ground-Ivy), unlike most of the other 

 genera, with a long posterior stamen ; 

 Mentha (Mint), with almost actino- 

 morphio corolla and stamens of about 

 equal length ; Thymus (Thyme) ; Ori- 

 ganum (Marjoram) ; Lavandula (Laven- 

 der) ; Salvia (Sage) and Rosmarinus 

 (Rosemary), with two stamens, each of 

 which has only a fertile half-anther. 



Geographical Distribution. — Like 

 most aromatic plants, the Labiatae thrive 

 best in a dry, sunny situation. They accordingly constitute an important part 

 of the vegetation of the Mediterranean countries, where these conditions of 

 growth are fulfilled, and where, for example, although not restricted alone to those 

 countries, the officinal Rosemary, Sage, Thyme, and Lavender are found growing 

 wild. Many aromatic species are cultivated as kitchen-herbs : Sweet Marjoram, 

 Origanum Majorana ; Summer Savory, Satureia hortensis ; Sweet Basil, Ocimum 

 Basilicum ; the Garden Thyme, Thymus vulgaris ; Sage, Salvia officinalis. 



Officinal. — Lavandula vera yields Flores Lavandulae ; Salvia officinalis, 

 Folia Salviae ; Melissa officinalis, the Common Balm (Fig. 576), Folia Melissae ; 

 Thymus Serpyllum, Herba Serptlli ; Thymus vulgaris, Herba Thymi ; Ros- 

 marinus officinalis, Folia et Oleum Rosmarini ; Mentha piperita (Peppermint), 

 Folia et Oleum Menthae piperitae ; Mentha crispa, Folia Menthae crisp ae ; 

 Galeopsis ochroleuca, Herba Galeopsidis ; Origanum vulgare, Herba Oribani. 



Fig. 577. — Galeopsis ochroleiwa. a, Flower ; b, 

 the same with calyx removed ; c, corolla cut 

 open, showing stamens and style ; d, calyx 

 and gyncecium ; e, fruit. — Officinal, (a, b 

 nat. size ; c, d, e x 2.) 



Order 8. Rubiinae 



Flowers epigynous, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, with the 

 formula Kn, Cn, An, (GsTS), in which n = 4 or 5. Calyx greatly 

 reduced ; androecium inserted on the corolla ; ovary two- to THREE- 

 locular. Leaves generally opposite. 



