PHANEROGAMIA 



the two posterior lobes of the corolla, it frequently becomes apparently 

 tetramerous ; when the androecium is tetramerous, it is in consequence 

 of the suppression of the median stamen. The nut- like fruit is 

 enveloped by the persistent epicalyx. 



Representative Genera. — (a) With paleae : Dipsaeus (Teasel), thistle-like, 



a c i 



Fig. 588. — Swxisa pratensis. u, Flower Fig. 589. — Compositae. Floral 



with epicalyx ; 6, the same after re- diagram (Garduus). 



moval of epicalyx ; c, fruit in longi- 

 tudinal section ; /, ovary ; hk t epi- 

 calyx. 



with prickly, involucral bracts and scales, corolla four-lobed ; Scaiiosa, involucre 

 herbaceous, corolla five-lobed ; Succisa, corolla four-lobed (Fig. 588). (6) Without 

 paleae : Knautia. 



Geographical Distribution. — The Dipsacaceae are chiefly met with in sunny 

 situations in the Mediterranean region. Some species occur in more northern 



Fig. 



590.— Longitudinal section of capitulum, a, of Lappa major with palese ; 6, of Matricaria 

 Chamomiila without paleae.— Officwal. (After Berg and Schmidt, magnified.) 



latitudes. The heads of Dipsaeus fullonum, the cultivated Fuller's Teasel, have 

 hooked paleEe, and are used for raising a nap upon woollen cloth. 



Family Calyceraceae. — Flowers without epicalyx ; corplla valvatb ; stamens 

 united ; style simple ; ovules suspended ; seeds with endosperm. A small 



