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tion, 20; introduction of microscopes, 20; Linnzus, 20; Cuvier, 
20; Bichat, 21; Von Baer, 21; the rise of physiology, 21; the 
beginnings of evolutionary thought, 21; the cell-theory, 21; the 
discovery of protoplasm, 21. 
CHAPTER II 
VESALIUS AND THE OVERTHROW OF AUTHORITY IN SCIENCE, 22 
Vesalius, in a broad sense, one of the founders of biology, 22. A pic- 
ture of the condition of anatomy before he took it up, 23. Galen: 
his great influence as a scientific writer, 24. Anatomy in the 
Middle Ages, 24. Predecessors of Vesalius: Mundinus, Beran- 
garius, Sylvius, 26. Vesalius gifted and forceful, 27. His im- 
petuous nature, 27. His reform in the teaching of anatomy, 28. 
His physiognomy, 30. His great book (1543), 30. A descrip- 
tion of its illustrations, 30, 31. Curious conceits of the artist, 32. 
Opposition to Vesalius: curved thigh bones due to wearing tight 
trousers, the resurrection bone, 34, 35. The court physician, 35. 
Close of his life, 36. Some of his successors: Eustachius and 
Fallopius, 36. The especial service of Vesalius: he overthrew 
dependence on authority and reéstablished the scientific method 
of ascertaining truth, 37, 38. 
CHAPTER III 
WILLIAM HARVEY AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION, - 39 
Harvey’s work complemental to that of Vesalius, 39. Their com- 
bined labors laid the foundations of the modern method of in- 
vestigating nature, 39. Harvey introduces experiments on living 
organisms, 40. Harvey’s education, qo. At Padua, comes 
under the influence of Fabricius, 41. Return to England, 42. 
His personal qualities, 42-45. Harvey’s writings, 45. His great 
classic on movement of the heart and blood (1628), 46. His 
demonstration of circulation of the blood based on cogent rea- 
soning; he did not have ocular proof of its passage through 
capillaries, 47. Views of his predecessors on the movement of 
the blood, 48. Servetus, 50. Realdus Columbus, 50. Cesal- 
pinus, 51. The originality of Harvey’s views, sr. Harvey’s 
argument, 51. Harvey’s influence, 52. A versatile student; 
work in other directions, 52. His discovery of the circulation 
created modern physiology, 52. His method of inquiry became 
a permanent part of biological science, 53. 
