CONTENTS xi 
PAGE 
CHAPTER IV 
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE MICROSCOPE AND THE PROGRESS OF INDE- 
PENDENT OBSERVATION, 3 - 54 
The pioneer microscopists: Hooke and Grew in England; Malpighi 
in Italy and Swammerdam and Leeuwenhoek in Holland, 54. 
Robert Hooke, 55. His microscope and the micrographia (1665), 
56. Grew one of the founders of vegetable histology, 56. Mal- 
pighi, 1628-1694, 58. Personal qualities, 58. Education, 60. 
University positions, 60, 61. Honors at home and abroad, 6r. 
Activity in research, 62. His principal writings: Monograph 
on the silkworm, 63; anatomy of plants, 66; work in embry- 
ology, 66. Jan Swammerdam, 1637-1680, 67. His temperament, 
67. Early interest in natural history, 68. Studies medicine, 68. 
Important observations, 68. Devotes himself to minute anat- 
omy, 70. Method of working, 71. Great intensity, 70. High 
quality of his work, 72. The Biblia Nature, 73. Its publica- 
tion delayed until fifty-seven years after his death, 73. Illustra- 
tions of his anatomical work, 74-76. Antony van Leeuwenhoek, 
1632-1723, 77. A composed and better-balanced man, 77. Self- 
taught in science, the effect of this showing in the desultory char- 
acter of his observations, 77, 87. Physiognomy, 78. New bio- 
graphical facts, 78. His love of microscopic observation, 80. 
His microscopes, 81. His scientific letters, 83. Observes the 
capillary circulation in 1686, 84. His other discoveries, 86. 
Comparison of the three men: the two university-trained men 
left coherent pieces of work, that of Leeuwenhoek was discursive, 
87. The combined force of their labors marks an epoch, 88. 
The new intellectual movement now well under way, 88. 
CHAPTER V 
THE PROGRESS OF MINUTE ANATOMY, : . 89 
Progress in minute anatomy a feature of the eighteenth century. 
Attractiveness of insect anatomy. Enthusiasm awakened by the 
delicacy and perfection of minute structure, 89. Lyonct, 1707— 
1789, 90. Description of his remarkable monograph on the 
anatomy of the willow caterpillar, 91. Selected illustrations, 
92-94. Great detail—4,o41 muscles, 91. Extraordinary character 
of his drawings, 90. A model of detailed dissection, but lacking 
in comparison and insight, 92. The work of Réaumur, Roesel, 
