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and De Geer on a higher plane as regards knowledge of insect life, 
95. Straus-Diirckheim’s monographon insect anatomy, 96. Rivals 
that of Lyonet in detail and in the execution of the plates, 99. 
His general considerations now antiquated, 99. He attempted 
to make insect anatomy comparative, 100. Dufour endeavors to 
found a broad science of insect anatomy, 100. Newport, a very 
skilful dissector, with philosophical cast of mind, who recognizes 
the value of embryology in anatomical work, 100. Leydig starts 
a new kind of insect anatomy embracing microscopic structure 
(histology), 102. This the beginning of modern work, r1o2. 
Structural studies on other small animals, 103. The discovery 
of the simplest animals, 104. Observations on the microscopic 
animalcula, 105. The protozoa discovered in 1675 by Leeuwen 
hoek, 105. Work of O. F. Muller, 1786, 106. Of Ehrenberg 
1838, 107. Recent observations on protozoa, og. 
CHAPTER VI 
Linn-EUS AND ScIENTIFIC NATURAL History, . j i . IIo 
Natural history had a parallel development with comparative anatomy, 
11o. The Physiologus, or sacred natural history of the Middle 
Ages, t10, 111. The lowest level reached by zodlogy, 111. The 
return to the science of Aristotle a real advance over the Physiol- 
ogus, 112. The advance due to Wotton in 1552, 112. Gesner, 
1516-1565. High quality of his Historia Animalium, 112-114. 
The scientific writings of Jonson and Aldrovandi, 114. John 
Ray the forerunner of Linneus, 115. His writings, 117. Ray's 
idea of species, 117. Linnzus or Linné, 118. A unique ser- 
vice to natural history. Brings the binomial nomenclature into 
general use, 118. Personal history, rr9. Quality of his mind, 
120. His early struggles with poverty, 120. Gets his degree in 
Holland, 121. Publication of the Systema Nature in 1735, 121. 
Return to Sweden, 123. Success as a university professor in Up- 
sala, 123. Personal appearance, 125. His influence on natural 
history, 125. His especial service, 126. His idea of species, 
128. Summary, 129. Reform of the Linnean system, 130- 
138. The necessity of reform, 130. The scale of being, 131. 
Lamarck the first to use a genealogical tree, 132. Cuvier’s 
four branches, 132. Alterations by Von Siebold and Leuckart, 
134-137. Tabular view of classifications, 138. General biologi- 
cal progress from Linneus to Darwin. Although details were 
multiplied, progress was by a series of steps, 138. Analysis 
