CONTENTS xill 
PAGE 
of animals proceeded from the organism to organs, from organs 
to tissues, from tissues to cells, the elementary parts, and finally 
to protoplasm, 139-140. The physiological side had a par- 
allel development, 140. 
CHAPTER VII 
CUVIER AND THE RISE OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, . é F . 141 
The study of internal structure of living beings, at first merely de- 
scriptive, becomes comparative, 141. Belon, 141. Severinus 
writes the first book devoted to comparative anatomy in 1645, 
143. The anatomical studies of Camper, 143. John Hunter, 
144. Personal characteristics, 145. His contribution to prog- 
ress, 146. Vicq d’Azyr the greatest comparative anatomist 
before Cuvier, 146-148. Cuvier makes a comprehensive study 
of the structure of animals, 148. His birth and early education, 
149. Life at the sea shore, 150. Six years of quiet study and 
contemplation lays the foundation of his scientific career, 150. 
Goes to Paris, 151. His physiognomy, 152. Comprehensiveness 
of his mind, 154. Founder of comparative anatomy, 155. His 
domestic life, 155. Some shortcomings, 156. His break with 
early friends, 156. Estimate of George Bancroft, 156. Cuvier’s 
successors: Milne-Edwards, 157; Lacaze-Duthiers, 157; Rich- 
ard Owen, 158; Oken, 160; J. Fr. Meckel, 162; Rathke, 163; 
J. Miiller, 163; Karl Gegenbaur, 164; E. D. Cope, 165. Com- 
parative anatomy a rich subject, 165. It is now becoming exper- 
imental, 165. 
CHAPTER VIII 
BICHAT AND THE BirTH OF HISTOLOGY,  . é 5 é . 166 
Bichat one of the foremost men in biological history. He carried the 
analysis of animal organization to a deeper level than Cuvier, 166. 
Buckle’s estimate, 166. Bichat goes to Paris, 167. Attracts at- 
tention in Desault’s classes, 167. Goes to live with Desault, 168. 
His fidelity and phenomenal industry, 168. Personal appear- 
ance, 168. Begins to publish researches on tissues at the age of 
thirty, 170. His untimely death at thirty-one, 170. Influence 
of his writings, 170. His more notable successors: Schwann, 
171; Koelliker, a striking figure in the development of biology, 
171; Max Schultze, 172; Rudolph Virchow, 174; Leydig, 175; 
Ramon y Cajal, 176. Modern text-books on histology, 177. 
