CONTENTS xix 
PART II 
THE DoctrRINE OF ORGANIC EvoLUuTION 
CHAPTER XVI 
PAGE 
Waar Evo.ution Is: Tor EvIpENCE UPON WHICH IT RESTS, ETC., . 345 
Great vagueness regarding the meaning of evolution, 346. Causes for 
this, 346. The confusion of Darwinism with organic evolution, 
347. The idea that the doctrine is losing ground, 347. Scientific 
controversies on evolution relate to the factors, not to the fact, of 
evolution, 347. Nature of the question: not metaphysical, not 
theological, but historical, 348. The historical method applied 
to the study of animal life, 349. The diversity of living forms, 340. 
Are species fixed in nature? 350. Wide variation among an- 
imals, 350. Evolutionary series: The shells of Slavonia and 
Steinheim, 351-353. Evolution of the horse, 354. The collec- 
tion of fossil horses at the American Museum of Natural History, 
New York, 355. The genealogy of the horse traced for more 
than two million years, 354. Connecting forms: the archeop- 
teryx and pterodactyls, 358. The embryological record and its 
connection with evolution, 358. Clues to the past history of 
animals, 358. Rudimentary organs, 361-363. Hereditary sur- 
vivals in the human body, 363. Remains of the scaffolding for 
its building, 364. Antiquity of man, 364. Pre-human types, 36s. 
Virtually three links: the Java man; the Neanderthal skull; the 
early neolithic man of Engis, 364-366. Evidences of man’s evo- 
lution based on paleontology, embryology, and archeology, 366. 
Mental evolution, 366. Sweep of the doctrine of organic evolu- 
tion, 366-367. 
CHAPTER XVII 
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION—LAMARCK. DsRWIN, ? * : + 368 
The attempt to indicate the active factors of evolution is the source of 
the different theories, 368. The theories of Lamarck, Darwin, 
and Weismann have attracted the widest attention, 369. La- 
marck, the man, 368-374. His education, 370. Leaves priestly 
studies for the army, 370. Great bravery, 371. Physical injury 
makes it necessary for him to give up military life, 371. Por- 
trait, 373. Important work in botany, 371. Pathetic poverty 
