XXII CONTENTS 
PAGE 
CHAPTER XX 
RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT. PRESENT TENDENCIES IN BIOLOGY, . 434 
Biological thought shows continuity of development, 434. Character 
of the progress—a crusade against superstition, 434. The first 
triumph of the scientific method was the overthrow of authority, 
435. The three stages of progress—descriptive, comparative, ex- 
perimental, 435. The notable books of biology and their authors, 
435-437. Recent tendencies in biology: higher standards, 437; 
improvement in the tools of science, 438; advance in methods, 
439; experimental work, 439; the growing interest in the study 
of processes, 440; experiments applied to heredity and evolution, 
to fertilization of the egg, and to animal behavior, 440, 441. Some 
tendencies in anatomical studies, 442. Cell-lineage, 442. New 
work on the nervous system, 443. The application of biological 
facts to the benefit of mankind, 443. Technical biology, 443. 
Soil inoculation, 444. Relation of insects to the transmission Of 
diseases, 444. The food of fishes, 444. The establishment and 
maintenance of biological laboratories, 444. The station at 
Naples, 444. Other stations, 446. The establishment and main- 
tenance of technical periodicals, 446. Explorations of fossil 
records, 447. The reconstructive influence of biological prog- 
ress, 448. 
READING LIST, 
I. General References, 449-451. II. Special References, 451-460. 
INDEX, j ‘ ; a o S a . 
449 
. 461 
