8 BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 
acters. Only those have produced permanent results who 
have interrogated nature in the spirit of devotion to truth 
and waited patiently for her replies. The work founded on 
selfish motives and vanity has sooner or later fallen by the 
wayside. We can recognize now that the work of scientific 
investigation, subjected to so much hostile criticism as it 
appeared from time to time, was undertaken in a reverent 
spirit, and was not iconoclastic, but remodelling in its in- 
fluence. Some of the glories of our race are exhibited in 
the lives of the pioneers in scientific progress, in their struggles 
to establish some great truth and to maintain intellectual 
integrity. 
The names of some of the men of biology, such as Harvey, 
Linneus, Cuvier, Darwin, Huxley, and Pasteur, are widely 
known because their work came before the people, but others 
equally deserving of fame on account of their contributions 
to scientific progress will require an introduction to most of 
our readers. 
In recounting the story of the rise of biology, we shall 
have occasion to make the acquaintance of this goodly com- 
pany. Before beginning the narrative in detail, however, 
we shall look summarily at some general features of scientific 
progress and at the epochs of biology. 
THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH SCIENCE DEVELOPED 
In a brief sketch of biology there is relatively little in the 
ancient world that requires notice except the work of Aris- 
totle and Galen; but with the advent of Vesalius, in 1 543; 
our interest begins to freshen, and, thereafter, through lean 
times and fat times there is always something to command 
our attention. 
The early conditions must be dealt with in order to appre- 
ciate what followed. We are to recollect that in the ancient 
