4o BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 
ture, and, then, the use that the structures subserve. One 
view is essential to the other, and no investigation of animals 
and plants is complete in which the two ideas are not in- 
volved. Just as a knowledge of the construction of a ma- 
chine is necessary to understand its action, so the anatomical 
analysis of an organ must precede a knowledge of its office. 
The term “ physiological anatomy of an organ,” so commonly 
used in text-books on physiology, illustrates the point. We 
can not appreciate the work of such an organ as the liver 
without a knowledge of the arrangement of its working units. 
The work of the anatomist concerns the statics of the body, 
that of the physiologist the dynamics; properly combined,. 
they give a complete picture of the living organism. 
It is to be remembered that the observations of Vesalius 
were not confined exclusively to structure; he made some 
experiments and some comments on the use of parts of the 
body, but his work was mainly structural, while that which 
distinguishes Harvey’s research is inductions founded on 
experimental observation of the action of living tissues. 
The service of Vesalius and Harvey in opening the path 
to biological advance is very conspicuous, but they were not 
the only pioneers; their work was a part of the general revival 
of science in which Galileo, Descartes, and others had their 
part. While the birth of the experimental method was not 
due to the exertions of Harvey alone, nevertheless it should 
stand to his credit that he established that method in bio- 
logical lines. Aristotle and Galen both had employed ex- 
periments in their researches, and Harvey’s step was in the 
nature of a revival of the method of the old Greeks. 
Harvey’s Education.—Harvey was fitted both by native 
talent and by his training for the part which he played in the 
intellectual awakening. He was born at Folkestone, on the 
south coast of England, in 1578, the son of a prosperous 
yeoman. The Harvey family was well esteemed, and the 
